Table 1.
Summary of the in vivo reproductive toxic effects after technical-grade glyphosate or GBH exposure in experimental models.
| Chemical | LOAEL for the study | Experimental model | Age at beginning of exposure | Exposure duration | Exposure route | Main results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technical-grade glyphosate (Gly) or GBH (Magnum Super, Grupo Agros S.R.L.) | 2 mg/kg | Pregnant Wistar rats (F0 dams) | Gestational day 9 until weaning (lactation day 21) | 35 days | Oral (laboratory pellet chow based paste) | ↑ Food intake (F0 dams; Gly) ↓ ♂ birth weight (Gly) ↑ Preimplantation loss rate (F1 dams; Gly and GBH) ↑ E2 serum levels (F1 pregnant dams; Gly and GBH) ↑ Uterine expression of ER alfa, PR (Gly), Lif, Hoxa10 (Gly and GBH) |
Lorenz et al. (12) |
| Technical-grade glyphosate (Gly) or GBH (Roundup Bioflow, Consorzio Agrario dell’Emilia) | 1.75 mg/kg | Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (F0 dams) and F1 offspring | F0 dams: Gestational day 9 until weaning (lactation day 21) F1 offspring: until postnatal day 120 |
F0 dams: 35 days F1 offspring: 134 days |
Drinking water | ↑Anogenital distance (♂ Gly and GBH; ♀ GBH) Delayed first estrous (GBH) ↑ Epididymis weight (GBH) ↑ Serum DHT ♂ (GBH) ↑ Serum testosterone ♀ (GBH) |
Manservisi et al. (13) |
| GBH (Roundup, Monsanto Co.) | 10 mg/kg | ♂ Wistar rats | 2–2.5 months old | 14 days | Gavage | ↓ Corticosterone ↓ StAR, CREB, Ldlr, and Hmgcs expression in adrenal gland |
Pandey and Rudraiah (21) |
| Technical-grade glyphosate (Gly) or GBH (Roundup, Sinochem Crop Protection Products Co., Ltd.) |
0.5% | Pregnant mice | Gestational day 1 to 19 | 19 days | Drinking water | ↓ Uterus weight (Gly and GBH) ↓ Progesterone (Gly and GBH) ↓ Gnrh mRNA expression (Gly and GBH) ↑ FSH and ↓ FSHR mRNA expression (Gly) ↑ LH mRNA expression (Gly and GBH) and ↑ LHR mRNA expression (GBH) ↑ Cyp11a1 and Cyp19a1 mRNA expression (Gly) ↑ Cyp17a1 mRNA expression (GBH) ↓ 3βHSD mRNA expression (Gly and GBH) |
Ren et al. (23) |
| GBH (Roundup Transorb, Monsanto Co.) | 50 mg/kg | ♂ Wistar rats (adult male offspring from dams treated with GBH) | Gestational day 18 to postnatal day 5 | 10 days | Gavage to the mothers | ↑ Testosterone, estradiol, LH ↑ LH expression ↑ Sperm production |
Romano et al. (24) |
| Technical-grade glyphosate (Gly) | 500 mg/kg | Sprague-Dawley rats | 56-day-old | 5 weeks | Gavage | ↓ Sperm production | Dai et al. (32) |
| GBH (Roundup Transorb, Monsanto Co.) | 5 mg/kg | ♂ Wistar rats | 23-day-old | 30 days | Gavage | ↓ Seminiferous epithelium ↓ Testosterone |
Romano et al. (25) |
| Technical-grade glyphosate | 0.36 mg/L | Fresh Human Sperm | NA | 1 h | Cell culture media | ↓ PRM: progressive motility | Anifandis et al. (36) |
| GBH (RoundupGrand Travaux Plus, Monsanto Co.) | 0.5% | ♂ Sprague-Dawley (SD) Rats | PND 60 | 8 days | Drinking water | ↑ P450 arom, ↑ Occludin and Connexin 43 expression ↑ Gper1 ↓ Morphology (% normal forms) |
Cassault-Meyer et al. (37) |
| GBH (Roundup Bioflow) | 5 μg/mL | Boar semen | 2–3 years | 1-3 h | Cell culture media | ↓ Progressive sperm motility | Nerozzi et al. (38) |
| Technical-grade glyphosate GLY Sigma-Aldrich | 5 mg/kg | ♂ Wistar rats | 3–4 weeks | 52 days | Gavage, ingredients dissolved in corn oil. | ↓ Epididymis weights ↓ CAT activity ↓ Plasma testosterone ↓ Sperm counts per epididymides and per testis ↓ Live/dead ratio, % ↑ Total abnormal sperms, % ↓ Sperm motility, %. |
Abarikwu et al. (39) |
| Technical-grade glyphosate GLY Sigma-Aldrich, and Roundup 3 Plus (Monsanto Europe, Belgium) | 0.5 mg/kg | Swiss mouse | 4 month | E10.5 to 20 dpp | Drinking water | ↓ Relative weight Testis ↓ Seminal vesicles weight ↓ Spermatozoa number in epididymis ↓ Serum testosterone levels ↑ Vacuoles in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis |
Pham et al. (40) |
| Roundup Original, Monsanto Co. | 50 mg/kg | ♂ Wistar rats | 23 days | 35 days | Gavage | ↓ Testosterone levels. ↓ Spermatids/testicle weight ↑ Relative weight of cauda epididymis |
Nardi et al. (41) |
| Roundup Original, Monsanto Co | 0.72 ppm | ♂ Wistar rats, Sertoli Cells Culture | 30 days | 72 h | Cell culture media | ↑ Oxidative Stress ↑ Ca++ uptake |
De Liz Oliveira Cavalli et al. (42) |
| GBH (Roundup Original, Monsanto Co.) | 0.5% | C57Bl/6 Mice | Gestational day 4 to postnatal day 21 | 38 days | Drinking water | ↓ BW gain during pregnancy ↑ Age at testis descent ↓ Spermatozoa reserve ↓ Epithelial height of seminiferous tubules ↑ Intratesticular testosterone concentration ↑ LH plasma concentrations |
Teleken et al. (43) |
| GBH (Roundup Full II, Monsanto Co.) | 2 mg/kg | ♀ Wistar rats offspring | 1 – 7 Pnd | 7 days | Subcutaneous injection |
↑ Sensitivity of the rat uterus to estradiol and Uterine Luminal epithelial height ↑ Stromal thickness ↑ Uterine cell proliferation ↑ ESR1 and ESR 2 expression |
Schimpf et al. (44) |
LOAEL, lowest observed adverse effect level.