Table 2.

Five reported cases of probiotic-related bacteremia.

Age/Gender	Malignancy	Treatment strategy	Objective	Probiotics strains	Neutropenia	Side-effect	Outcome	Reference
8-month old baby	Acute myeloid leukemia	Intensive treatment with high-dose idarubicin, cytarabine, and etoposide (ICE)	Prevention of chemotherapy-related diarrhea	Saccharomyces boulardii	Yes	Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from blood culture	Anti-fungal treatment was performed for 14 days until full recovery from neutropenia. The patient eventually undergoes HLA-matched sibling donor bone marrow transplantation	(76)
65-year-old male	Oropharyngeal carcinoma, T3 N2 M0	Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy, including cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil plus external radiation (60 Gy)	Treat aseptic diarrhea	Saccharomyces boulardii	Not report	Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain found in blood culture	Amphotericin B, 60 mg/day for 4 weeks, fever decreased. Evaluation after 6 months showed partial remission of the tumor with no signs of residual infection	(77)
38-year-old male	Stage IV Hodgkin lymphoma with AIDS	Chemotherapy (specifically unknown)	Unknown	Lactobacillus acidophilus	Not report	Lactobacillus acidophilus found in blood culture	Clindamycin combined with gentamicin treatment, on day 3, blood culture was negative. On the 10th day, he was discharged from the hospital and received home care	(78)
69-year-old male	Stage IIIA mantle cell lymphoma	4 cycles of alternating Rituxan-Hyper CVAD Part A (rituximab, CL, VCR, doxorubicin and dexamethasone) and Part B (Ara-C and MTX) chemotherapy, after 4 months of chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation	Improve mucositis	6–8 cups of yogurt on the market rich in probiotics	Not report	Lactobacillus acidophilus found in blood culture	Antibiotic treatment (specifically unknown), symptoms relieved and discharged after 1 week	(79)
73-year-old male	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia	Unknown	Unknown	Bacillus subtilis	Not report	Bacillus subtilis found in blood culture	From day 1 to 16, imipenem treatment, day 16 later combined with antibiotic treatment (ceftazidime, amikacin and vancomycin) and intravenous immunoglobulin, fever quickly reduced. Death on day 25, may be due to central nervous system involvement	(80)