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. 2021 Mar 29;19:80. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01953-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — High AUCs achieved across multiple cohorts. AUC was utilized to measure the performance of the model on different testing cohorts, including a the subset of the initial cohort SYSU1, b an independent internal cohort SYSU2, c an external cohort from Shenzhen People’s Hospital (SZPH) that contained 4 types of lung tissues, and d a public cohort from ‘TCGA’ which was actually a subset consisting of slides randomly selected from the TCGA-LUAD and TCGA-LUSC projects. Blind tests were conducted on all the cohorts by four pathologists of three levels (Pathologist1 is senior attending, Pathologist2 and Pathologist3 are junior attending, and Pathologist4 is junior); performance of each pathologist on each cohort was depicted as a star in a–d, respectively