Table 1.

Recent Prevalence Estimates for Plasmodium ovale Among sub-Saharan African Countries Based on Previously Published Studies

Country	Number of Ovale Cases/Study Sample	Prevalence, %	Symptomatic/ Asymptomatic	Mixed Infection or Monoclonal	Detection Method	Study Type	Study Yeara	Population	Ref.
Central Africa
Democratic Republic of Congo	153/17 765	0.8	Asymptomatic	Mixed	PCR	CS surveyb	2013–2014	Adults, 15+ y	This study
Angola	23/3316	0.2	Asymptomatic	Mixed	PCR	CS surveyb	2010	All ages	[26]
Cameroon	31/742	4.2	Asymptomatic	Monoclonal	Immunofluorescence	Surveyb	1983	All ages	[27]
Central African Republic	1/437	0.2	Symptomatic	Monoclonal	Microscopy, PCR	Clinical	2011	Febrile patients, all ages	[28]
Gabon	4/206	1.9	Symptomatic	Mixed	PCR	Clinical	2005	All ages	[29]
Republic of Congo	11/851	1.3	Symptomatic	Mixed	PCR	Clinical, passive case detection	2005	All ages	[29]
East Africa
Tanzania	21/511	4.1	Asymptomatic	Mixed	PCR	CS surveyb	2016	All ages	[30]
Zambia	18/873	2.1	Asymptomatic	Mixed	PCR	CS surveyb	2012	All ages	[31]
Malawi	138/2873	4.8	Asymptomatic	Mixed	PCR	CS surveyb	2002	All ages	[32]
Southern Sudan	1/392	0.3	Symptomatic	Mixed	Microscopy	CS surveyb	1975	All ages	[33]
Uganda	36/2108	1.7	Asymptomatic	Mixed	PCR	Clinical, CS survey	2009	All ages	[7]
Kenya	35/722	4.8	Symptomatic	Mixed	PCR	Clinical, active case detection	1998	All ages	[29]
West Africa
Ghana	4/270	1.5	Asymptomatic	Monoclonal	PCR	Longitudinalb	2010	Children 5–17 years	[34]
Nigeria	126/5211	2.4	Asymptomatic	Mixed	Microscopy	CS surveyb	2010	Children < 5 years	[35]
Liberia	19/434	4.4	Asymptomatic	Mixed	Microscopy	CS surveyb	1957	All ages	[36]
Senegalc	719/29 280	2.5	Asymptomatic	Mixed	Microscopy	CS survey, longitudinalb	1990–2010	All ages	[37]

Abbreviations: CS, cross-sectional, PCR, polymerase-chain reaction.

^aYear(s) of sample collection.

^bStudy is representative of the sampled population (ie, symptomatic based sampling methods were not employed).

^cLongitudinal cross-sectional sampling of 1 study site across 20 years.