Table 2.

Some important antiviral polysaccharides from Indian medicinal plants.

Name of plants	Extraction method	Biological agents	Molecular weight (Da)	Antiviral activities	Reference
Azadirachta indica	Water extract	Heteropolysaccharides (P1 fraction: glucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose and trace amount of fucose; P2 fraction: arabinose, and galactose) and their sulfated derivatives	80 × 103	PV-1	[26]
		P1 fraction and its sulfated derivatives	80 × 103	BoHV-1	[27]
Calendula officinalis	Water extract	Polysaccharides	–	HIV	[39]
Grateloupia indica	Water extract	Sulphated F3: galactose. Sulphated GiWE: galactose and small amount xylose, fucose, glucose.	60 × 103	HSV	[32]
Gracilaria corticata	Cold water extract	Sulfated galactan (WE2NGF, Au 2, AAu 2)	165,197; 61,990; 54,494	HSV-1 & HSV-2	[34]
Padina tetrastromatica	Hot water extract	glucan fucoidan and sulfated derivatives (S1–S3)	50 × 103	HSV-1 & HSV-2	[36]
Portulaca oleracea	Hot water extract	Neutral polysaccharide (glucose, mannose, arabinose and small amounts of galactose)	8.3 × 103	HSV-2	[28]
		Acidic polysaccharide (arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose and glucuronic acid)	5.8 × 104
		Pectic polysaccharide (galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, arabinose, and galactose, rhamnose)	8.7 × 104
Rhizophora mucronata	Water extract	Polysaccharides	–	HIV	[37]
Rhizophora apiculata	Water extract	RAP: galactose, galactosamine, glucose, and arabinose.	–	HIV-1, HIV-2, SIV	[38]
Scinaia hatei	Alkali extract	Sulfated xylomannan	160 × 103	HSV	[29]
		xylans	120 × 103	HSV	[30]
Sphacelaria indica	Water extract	F3: fucose, galactose, xylose and small amount of glucose and mannose.	(26 ± 5) x103	HSV-1	[33]
Stoechospermum marginatum	Water extract	Sulfated fucan (F3): fucose, and small amount xylose, galactose. Sulfated fucan (SmWE): fucose and small amount of xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose.	40 × 103	HSV-1 & HSV-2	[31]