Fig. 1.

a Schematic illustration of the effect of MXene additive on the Zn deposition process. b In situ optical microscopy observation of Zn deposition at 4 mA cm⁻² in blank ZnSO₄ electrolyte and MXene-added electrolyte. Density functional theory calculation models of c Ti₃C₂T_x adsorbed on Zn foil and d Zn atoms absorbed on Zn foil, Ti₃C₂T_x and the corresponding binding energies