Table 2.

Advanced application of nanomedicines for T cell priming resumption

	Target	Mechanism	Vehicle/agents	Combination	Models	Refs.
DC recruitment and its functional enhancement	CCL4	Stromal delivery of CCL4	Fusion protein of CCL4 and the collagen-binding domain (CBD) of von Willebrand factor	Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)	EMT6 and MMTV-PyMT breast cancer, CT26 and MC38 colon carcinoma, B16F10 melanoma,	[26]
	DC autophagy	In situ DCs manipulation	Nano-activator comprising the antigen peptide and autophagy-inducing peptide (Bec1)	\	B16F10-OVA tumor	[71]
	cGAS-cGAMP-STING	Enhancing cytosolic cGAMP release	Phosphatidylserine-coated liposome loaded with STING agonist cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (NP-cGAMP)	Radiotherapy (RT)	B16-OVA lung metastases, 4T1-luci lung metastases	[73]
		Promoting endosomal escape of cargo	pH-responsive cross-linkable polymersome	ICB	B16F10 tumor	[76]
		Rapid intracellular payload release	pH-sensitive acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) polymeric microparticles (MPs)	Hemagglutinin	Lethal influenza	[77]
		Controlled release	Anti-parallel β-sheet nanofibrous hydrogels	\	Head and neck cancer	[78]
	Artificial DCs	Inheriting the function of DCs	DC membrane coating nanovaccine	\	Ovarian cancer	[84]
		Retaining the function of DCs	DC-derived microvesicles	Chemotherapy	B16F10 tumor	[85]
Synchronous delivery of adjuvants and neoantigens	CpG	Co-delivering with DNA-antigen peptide	Self-assemble lipid-DNA-peptide nano-aggregation (INA)	pOVA, pAH1, pTRP2	Melanoma (B16-OVA, B16-TRP2), carcinoma (CT-26-AH1)	[95]
		Delivering adjuvants to endosomes, antigen to cytosol	pH-sensitive polymer (MGlu-HPG)-modified liposomes	Ovalbumin (OVA), CTL epitope peptide	EG7-OVA tumor	[94]
	TLR7/8	Co-delivering peptide antigens and adjuvants	Self-assembling vaccine platform (SNP-7/8a)	aPD-L1	B16-OVA tumor, B16F10 tumor, TC-1 tumor, MC38 tumor	[96]
	mRNA-encoding antigen	Nucleotide-modified mRNA for mRNA protection	Lipid nanoparticle encapsulating nucleoside-modified mRNA and TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA)	\	Healthy C57BL/6 mice	[91]
			mRNA Galsomes encapsulating nucleoside-modified mRNA and the iNKT ligand α-GC	aPD-L1	EG7-OVA tumor, B16-OVA tumor	[104]
	Lymph node targeting	Passive transport	Negatively charged 30 nm-sized lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)	\	Healthy female C57BL/6 J mice	[108]
		Albumin-based	Long-chain fatty acids coupled adjuvant	\	Healthy C57BL/6 mice	[112]
		Lymphatic vessel-expanded	Controlled NO release nanocarrier (SNO-NP)	\	Healthy female C57BL/6 J mice	[113]
ICD induction	Chemotherapy	Boosting out ROS	Tumor-targeting Pt‐prodrug-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles	Ferroptosis	4T1 tumor	[126]
	Photodynamic therapy	Combination of ICD with CD47 blockade	Tumor microenvironment‐activatable prodrug vesicles	CD47 blockade	CT26 tumor, 4T1 tumor	[52]
		Evoking superior ICD	AIE photosensitizers, TPE‐DPA‐TCyP	\	4T1 tumor	[131]
		Exhibiting 1.7-fold higher PDT efficacy than the PS	Photochromic metal–organic frameworks	\	\	[144]
		Combination of PDT and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy	Core–shell upconversion nanoparticle@porphyrinic MOFs (UCSs)	Tirapazamine, α-PD-L1	CT26 tumor	[145]
		Low-dose X-ray-induced PDT enhancement	Hafnium (Hf)-based nanoscale metal–organic framework (nMOF)	IDO inhibitors	U87MG tumor, PC-3 tumor, CT26 tumor	[147]
	Sonodynamictherapy	Co-delivery of R837	Clinically approved material comprising HMME/R837@Lip	Anti-PD-L1	4T1 tumor, CT26 tumor	[150]
		Co-delivery of O2	R780@O2-FHMON nanoparticle	\	PANC-1 tumor	[151]
		GSH exhaustion	Metabolism-engineered and SDT-based nanoplatform (Nb2C/TiO2/BSO-PVP)	\	4T1 tumor	[153]