Table 3.
Demographic Characteristics of 1160 Pregnant Women Overall and by Depression Status in a Study of Prenatal Depression and Diet Quality conducted in Kaiser Permanente Northern California between 2011-2013.
| Overall | Depression | No Depression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-valuea | |
| Total | 1160 | 159 (13.7%) | 1001 (86.3%) | |
| Maternal age (at pregnancy start) | ||||
| < 35 years age | 704 (60.7) | 89 (56.0) | 615 (61.4) | 0.374 |
| 35+ years of age | 446 (38.4) | 69 (43.4) | 377 (37.7) | |
| Missing | 10 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 9 (0.9) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single/Divorced/Separated | 40 (3.4) | 10 (6.3) | 30 (3.0) | 0.099 |
| Married/Living with partner | 1119 (96.5) | 149 (93.7) | 970 (96.9) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Maternal Education | ||||
| < College | 61 (5.3) | 15 (9.4) | 46 (4.6) | 0.037 |
| College + | 1098 (94.7) | 144 (90.6) | 954 (95.3) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 631 (54.4) | 89 (56.0) | 542 (54.1) | 0.030 |
| Hispanic | 213 (18.4) | 30 (18.9) | 183 (18.3) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 195 (16.8) | 16 (10.1) | 179 (17.9) | |
| Other/Unknownb | 121 (10.4) | 24 (15.1) | 97 (9.7) | |
| Parity | ||||
| 1+ | 732 (63.1) | 85 (53.5) | 647 (64.6) | 0.009 |
| 0 | 428 (36.9) | 74 (46.5) | 354 (35.4) | |
| Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 32 (2.8) | 3 (1.9) | 29 (2.9) | 0.301 |
| Normal weight (18.5 - < 25 kg/m2) | 626 (54.0) | 79 (49.7) | 547 (54.6) | |
| Overweight (25 - < 30 kg/m2) | 270 (23.3) | 37 (23.3) | 233 (23.3) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 227 (19.6) | 40 (25.2) | 187 (18.7) | |
| Missing | 5 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.5) | |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 240 (20.7) | 43 (27.0) | 197 (19.7) | 0.043 |
| No | 920 (79.3) | 116 (73.0) | 804 (80.3) | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 21 (1.8) | 7 (4.4) | 14 (1.4) | 0.02 |
| No | 1139 (98.2) | 152 (95.6) | 987 (98.6) | |
| Prenatal Vitamin Use | ||||
| Yes | 1129 (97.3) | 154 (96.9) | 975 (97.4) | 0.894 |
| No | 31 (2.7) | 5 (3.1) | 26 (2.6) | |
| Diet Qualityc | ||||
| Poor quality diet | 291 (25.1) | 58 (36.5) | 233 (23.3) | 0.001 |
| Good quality diet | 869 (74.9) | 101 (63.5) | 768 (76.7) |
a
Chi-square test p-value.
b
Other/Unknown represents: Non-Hispanic Black, Native American/Alaskan Native, Multiple races, Other, Unknown or Not Reported.
c
Diet was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) score calculated from self-report dietary intake using a modified Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Poor quality diet was defined by scores that ranged in the lowest quartile (≤68.3). Good quality diet was defined by scores that ranged in the top three quartiles.