Table 1.
Parental characteristics by maternal use of cannabis before and during pregnancy. Participants of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (N = 10,373 singleton pregnancies)
| Group 1 previous use of cannabis, but not used during pregnancy n (%) | Group 2 cannabis use 1 period in pregnancy (short-term users) n (%) |
Group 3 cannabis use at least 2 periods in pregnancy (long-term users) n (%) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10,101 (97.4) | 209 (2.0) | 63 (0.6) | |
| Maternal education, highera (N = 10,326) | ||||
| No | 3,567 (35.5) | 119 (56.9) | 37 (60.7) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 6,579 (65.4) | 90 (43.1) | 24 (39.3) | |
| Paternal education, higher (N = 9,991) | ||||
| No | 4,616 (47.4) | 129 (67.2) | 44 (73.3) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 5,123 (52.6) | 63 (32.8) | 16 (26.7) | |
| Maternal age in years (N = 10,316) | ||||
| <25 | 1,608 (16.0) | 77 (37.0) | 20 (31.7) | <0.001 |
| 25–29 | 3,477 (34.6) | 70 (33.7) | 24 (38.1) | |
| 30–34 | 3,604 (35.9) | 39 (18.8) | 12 (19.0) | |
| ≥35 | 1,356 (13.5) | 22 (10.6) | 7 (11.1) | |
| Paternal age in years (N = 10,223) | ||||
| <25 | 796 (8.0) | 36 (17.6) | 10 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| 25–29 | 2,650 (26.6) | 63 (30.7) | 22 (34.9) | |
| 30–34 | 3,748 (37.7) | 56 (27.3) | 22 (34.9) | |
| ≥35 | 2,761 (27.7) | 50 (24.9) | 9 (14.3) | |
| Planned pregnancy (N = 10,277) | ||||
| No | 2,895 (28.9) | 113 (55.7) | 35 (57.4) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 7,118 (71.1) | 90 (44.3) | 26 (42.6) | |
| Maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy (N = 8,038) | ||||
| No | 6,315 (80.6) | 81 (54.4) | 15 (27.3) | <0.001 |
| Sometimes | 1,039 (13.3) | 46 (30.9) | 20 (36.4) | |
| Daily | 480 (6.1) | 22 (14.8) | 20 (36.4) | |
| Paternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy (N = 9,991) | ||||
| No | 6,015 (59.6) | 64 (30.6) | 13 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 4,086 (40.5) | 128 (61.2) | 47 (74.6) | |
| Maternal use of illegal drugs (other than cannabis) (N = 6,106) | ||||
| No | 3,374 (57.0) | 21 (14.7) | 2 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Yes, earlier to pregnancy | 2,522 (42.6) | 80 (55.9) | 38 (84.4) | |
| Yes, in pregnancy | 22 (0.4) | 42 (29.4) | 5 (11.1) | |
| Paternal use of illegal drugs (N = 7,662) | ||||
| No | 3,154 (42.1) | 28 (22.4) | 3 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Yes, earlier | 3,406 (45.5) | 31 (24.8) | 8 (17.0) | |
| Yes, last 6 months before pregnancy | 782 (10.4) | 56 (44.8) | 25 (53.2) | |
| Yes, in pregnancy | 148 (2.0) | 10 (8.0) | 11 (23.6) | |
| Maternal alcohol intake in pregnancy (N 10,183)= | ||||
| Never | 2,997 (30.2) | 41 (20.3) | 12 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| Sometimes | 4,373 (44.1) | 82 (40.6) | 23 (36.5) | |
| Regularly/binge | 2,548 (25.7) | 79 (39.1) | 28 (44.4) | |
| Maternal analgesic opioids use in pregnancy (N = 10,373) | ||||
| No | 9,846 (97.5) | 197 (94.3) | 56 (88.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 255 (2.5) | 12 (5.7) | 7 (11.1) | |
| Maternal benzodiazepinesb use in pregnancy (N = 10,373) | ||||
| No | 9,924 (98.3) | 193 (92.3) | 57 (90.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 177 (1.8) | 16 (7.7) | 6 (9.5) | |
| Parity (N = 10,316) | ||||
| 0 | 5,753 (57.3) | 156 (75.0) | 35 (55.6) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 3,156 (31.4) | 33 (15.9) | 19 (30.2) | |
| ≥2 | 1,136 (11.3) | 19 (9.1) | 9 (14.3) | |
| Marital status (N = 10,316) | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 9,235 (91.9) | 161 (77.4) | 55 (87.3) | <0.001 |
| Others | 810 (8.1) | 47 (22.6) | 8 (12.3) | |
| Maternal BMI (N = 10,133) | ||||
| <25 | 7,304 (74.0) | 147 (73.9) | 54 (85.7) | 0.530 |
| 25–29 | 1,834 (18.6) | 36 (18.1) | 7 (11.1) | |
| 30–34 | 528 (5.4) | 12 (6.0) | 2 (3.2) | |
| ≥35 | 205 (2.1) | 4 (2.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Maternal depression before pregnancyc (N = 10,001) | ||||
| No | 8,529 (87.7) | 178 (89.0) | 45 (73.8) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1,201 (12.3) | 22 (11.0) | 16 (26.2) | |
| Maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancyd (N = 9,216) | ||||
| No | 7,100 (79.1) | 112 (63.3) | 31 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| Yes, short term | 1,381 (15.4) | 43 (24.3) | 17 (27.4) | |
| Yes, long term | 496 (5.5) | 22 (12.4) | 14 (22.6) | |
| Paternal symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancyc (N = 8,643) | ||||
| No | 8,092 (95.5) | 111 (88.1) | 39 (86.7) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 380 (4.5) | 15 (11.9) | 6 (13.3) | |
| Working status (N = 10,322) | ||||
| Working | 9,022 (89.8) | 159 (76.4) | 48 (77.4) | <0.001 |
| Not working | 718 (7.1) | 35 (16.8) | 10 (16.1) | |
| Disability pensioner | 143 (1.4) | 7 (3.4) | 4 (6.5) | |
| Others | 169 (1.7) | 7 (3.4) | 0 (0) |
a
Completed or on-going college or university degree.
b
Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepines-like (a class of drugs with similar pharmacodynamics and different chemical structures to benzodiazepines) drugs.
c
Assessment was done in week 17–18.
d
Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed in pregnancy weeks 17–18 or 30 (short term) or 17–18 and 30 (long term) by the 5-item version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Cutoff 2.0 was chosen.