Table 1.
Baseline characteristics at discharge in patients with acute decompensated heart failure stratified by LVEF subgroups
| Overall (n = 466) | HFrEF (n = 164) | HFmrEF (n = 104) | HFpEF (n = 198) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | |||||
| Age (years) | 74 ± 13 | 68 ± 14 | 75 ± 13 | 78 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male, %) | 58 | 71 | 66 | 42 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 21.4 ± 4.3 | 21.5 ± 4.7 | 21.4 ± 3.8 | 21.2 ± 4.2 | 0.886 |
| NYHA Class I/II/III (%) | 30/53/17 | 30/56/14 | 42/32/26 | 24/61/15 | 0.258 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115 ± 18 | 109 ± 18 | 116 ± 14 | 119 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 67 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 66 ± 11 | 0.588 |
| Ischaemic origin (%) | 26 | 34 | 37 | 14 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 47 | 34 | 52 | 57 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 81 | 72 | 80 | 90 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 43 | 40 | 47 | 42 | 0.387 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 50 | 50 | 44 | 53 | 0.518 |
| Prior HF hospitalization (%) | 19 | 24 | 17 | 16 | 0.551 |
| Medications | |||||
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 55 | 57 | 54 | 54 | 0.789 |
| Beta‐blocker (%) | 89 | 95 | 96 | 81 | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics (%) | 86 | 85 | 85 | 88 | 0.991 |
| Spironolactone (%) | 34 | 37 | 38 | 31 | 0.343 |
| Tolvaptan (%) | 6 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 0.529 |
| Digitalis (%) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0.698 |
| Statin (%) | 36 | 40 | 36 | 33 | 0.526 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| LVEF (%) | 47 ± 15 | 31 ± 7 | 45 ± 3 | 61 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| LVDd (mm) | 53 ± 10 | 61 ± 8 | 53 ± 7 | 47 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| LVDs (mm) | 41 ± 11 | 51 ± 9 | 41 ± 6 | 31 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| LAD (mm) | 43 ± 7 | 44 ± 8 | 43 ± 7 | 43 ± 7 | 0.142 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.8 ± 2.2 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 11.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (× 103/μL) | 208 ± 77 | 197 ± 80 | 207 ± 74 | 219 ± 76 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138 ± 3 | 138 ± 4 | 138 ± 3 | 139 ± 4 | 0.205 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 101 ± 5 | 101 ± 5 | 101 ± 5 | 101 ± 5 | 0.445 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 0.211 |
| Creatinine (mEq/L) | 1.13 (0.87–1.62) | 1.11 (0.87–1.57) | 1.15 (0.91–1.57) | 1.11 (0.86–1.64) | 0.979 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 25 (18–36) | 23 (16–33) | 25 (18–35) | 26 (19–39) | 0.056 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 7.0 (5.8–8.5) | 7.1 (5.7–8.4) | 6.6 (5.4–8.5) | 7.0 (6.0–8.7) | 0.3724 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.5 (3.1–3.7) | 3.6 (3.1–3.9) | 3.4 (3.1–3.8) | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 0.068 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 23 (18–30) | 25 (18–32) | 22 (19–31) | 23 (18–29) | 0.882 |
| ALT (U/L) | 17 (11–27) | 19 (13–33) | 17 (12–26) | 16 (11–23) | 0.199 |
| BNP (mg/dL) | 209 (104–435) | 277 (131–510) | 218 (113–475) | 171 (77–333) | <0.001 |
| Cholinesterase (U/L) | 225 ± 76 | 234 ± 83 | 223 ± 77 | 216 ± 67 | <0.001 |
| MELD‐XI score | 11 (9–15) | 11 (9–15) | 11 (9–15) | 11 (9–15) | 0.861 |
| FIB‐4 index | 2.13 (1.47–2.97) | 1.98 (1.24–3.21) | 2.20 (1.49–3.04) | 2.18 (1.60–2.82) | <0.001 |
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; FIB‐4, fibrosis‐4; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LAD, left atrial dimension; LVDd, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVDs, left ventricular end‐systolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MELD‐XI, model for end‐stage liver disease excluding international normalized ratio; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure.