TABLE 4.

Characteristics and key findings from studies examining the relationship between psychosocial stressors and alcohol abuse in firefighters

Author, year of publication (DRS)	Study location	Study design	Sample size	Psychosocial stress measurement tool	Alcohol abuse measurement tool	Core results: narrative	Core results: quantitative
Arbona et al, 2017 (6/8)	southwestern USA (urban setting)	cross‐sectional	1036 men	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS‐10)	Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS‐4)	Higher levels of perceived stress were observed among those with higher levels of alcohol abuse.	greater RAPS‐4 scores significantly predicted greater PSS‐10 scores [β(black) = 0.13; β(Latino) = 0.22; P <.001]
Hosoda et al, 2012 (4/8)	Tottori prefecture, Japan	cross‐sectional	246 men	Brief Job Stress Questionnaire	alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT)	A poor perception of one's workplace environment showed a positive relationship with alcohol dependence.	perceptions of workplace environment and AUDIT scores were significantly correlated (r = 0.13, P =.047)
Jahnke et al, 2019 (8/8)	USA and Canada	cross‐sectional	1773 women (~98% from USA)	Chronic Work Discrimination and Harassment, abbreviated scale	CAGE questionnaire	The risk of alcohol abuse increased with the level of perceived discrimination and harassment.	those with the highest level of perceived discrimination and harassment had an elevated risk of alcohol abuse (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.09, 2.17)
Kim et al, 2018 (8/8)	Gyeonggi province, South Korea	cross‐sectional	6484 men 667 women	Korean Occupational Stress Scale, short form	Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)	Perceived job stress was associated with an increased likelihood of alcohol abuse.	AUDIT scores significantly predicted greater perceived stress (β = 0.007, P <.001)

AUDIT, alcohol use disorders identification test; CAGE, “cut‐annoyed‐guilty‐eye”; CI, confidence interval; DRS, design and reporting score; OR, odds ratio; PSS, perceived stress scale; RAPS, rapid alcohol problems screen.