Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of subjects enrolled in the study
| Values | ANOVA | χ2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | CTRL (n = 9) | HFpEF (n = 7) | HFrEF (n = 6) | F | P | χ2 | P |
| Age (years) | 66.8 ± 14.4 | 74.3 ± 10.6 | 64.2 ± 13.3 | 1.10 | 0.35 | ||
| Sex (M/F) | 4/5 | 5/2 | 5/1 | 2.62 | 0.3 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 75.7 ± 15.9 | 74.6 ± 12.7 | 72.2 ± 6.6 | 0.1 | 0.9 | ||
| Height (m) | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.9 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 5.6 | 26.1 ± 3.7 | 25.4 ± 2.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.19 ± 0.8 | 1.16 | 0.33 | ||
| eGFR (mL/min) | 82.2 ± 16.9 | 76.4 ± 32.8 | 78.0 ± 33.6 | 0.09 | 0.91 | ||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 ± 1.3 | 12.1 ± 1.5 | 12.8 ± 1.5 | 0.91 | 0.42 | ||
| BNP (pg/mL) | 14.1 ± 5.3* , ** | 55.6 ± 27.4 | 77.5 ± 22.6 | 20.4 | <0.001 | ||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 60.0 ± 6.6** | 61.0 ± 11.4*** | 32.0 ± 7.8 | 23.41 | <0.001 | ||
| NYHA class (I/II/III) | — | 2/4/1 | 1/4/1 | 0.3 | 0.9 | ||
| Time from diagnosis | — | 4 ± 2 | 5 ± 3 | 0.6 | |||
| Diastolic dysfunction a | 5 | 7 | 6 | 7.1 | 0.03 | ||
| Ischaemic aetiology | — | 1 | 6 | 5.5 | 0.02 | ||
| Beta‐blockers | 4 | 5 | 5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | ||
| Type/average dosage of beta‐blockers b | Bisoprolol (4)/5.625 mg | Bisoprolol (4)/6.25 mg | Bisoprolol (5)/5.5 mg | ||||
| Carvedilol (1)/12.5 mg b.i.d. | Carvedilol (1)/12.5 mg b.i.d. | ||||||
| Diuretics | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6.1 | 0.048 | ||
| ACE/ARBs | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4.4 | 0.1 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 0 | 4 | 0 | 10.48 | 0.01 | ||
| Antidiabetics | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3.88 | 0.14 | ||
| MRA | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.79 | 0.25 | ||
| Statins | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3.3 | 0.19 | ||
| OAC/aspirin | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0.64 | 0.72 | ||
| Type of cardiac surgery | Correction of ascending aorta aneurysm (n = 9) | Correction of ascending aorta aneurysm (n = 6); CABG (n = 1) | Mitral valvuloplasty + CABG (n = 2); correction of ascending aorta aneurysm + aortic valve replacement (n = 4) | ||||
ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptides; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CTRL, non‐heart failure patients; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OAC, oral anticoagulant.
Diastolic dysfunction was established according to the ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC (Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 Aug; 14 (8): 803–69. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs105).
Beta‐blockers up‐titrated to target dose.
P value comparing CTRL vs. HFpEF.
P value comparing CTRL vs. HFrEF.
P value comparing HFpEF vs. HFrEF.