Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics
| Survived | Died | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, yrs | 32 ± 17 | 39 ± 31 | 0.16 |
| Male | 486/1,015 (48) | 20/24 (83) | 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 77.5 ± 21.4 | 91.0 ± 35.1 | 0.075 |
| Height, cm | 168 ± 11 | 164 ± 12 | 0.23 |
| Body mass index | 27.1 ± 6.6 | 32.3 ± 10.4 | 0.016 |
| Black∗ | 66/771 (8.6) | 2/13 (15.4) | 0.39 |
| Hispanic∗ | 99/726 (14) | 3/13 (23) | 0.33 |
| Smoking/vaping | 80/1,020 (7.8) | 1/24 (4.2) | 0.51 |
| Medications | |||
| ACE/ARB use | 274/1,005 (27) | 9/24 (38) | 0.27 |
| Beta-blocker use | 348/1,007 (34) | 12/24 (50) | 0.65 |
| Medical/cardiac history | |||
| Previous atrial arrhythmia | 248/1,002 (25) | 11/24 (46) | 0.019 |
| Pacemaker or implanted defibrillator | 103/1,009 (12.9) | 2/24 (8.3) | 0.66 |
| Hypertension | 156/1,003 (16) | 5/24 (21) | 0.48 |
| Diabetes | 58/1,014 (5.7) | 7/24 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| Known coronary artery disease | 22/1,004 (2.2) | 2/24 (8.3) | 0.049 |
| Previous heart failure admission | 88/1,001 (8.8) | 10/24 (42) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction <40% | 34/654 (5.2) | 1/19 (5.3) | 0.99 |
| Systemic ventricular ejection fraction by echo | 57 ± 10 | 54 ± 9 | 0.19 |
| Systemic right ventricle (biventricular) | 59/1,020 (5.8) | 2/4 (50) | 0.60 |
| Moderate-severe valve dysfunction | 333/807 (41) | 13/20 (65) | 0.058 |
| Fontan palliation | 115/1,017 (11.3) | 3/24 (12.5) | 0.86 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 66/1,008 (6.5) | 7/24 (29) | <0.001 |
| Sub-pulmonic ventricular systolic pressure by echo, mm Hg | 39 ± 22 | 54 ± 30 | 0.006 |
| Previous resting oxygen saturation, % | 96 ± 4 | 92 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| Cyanosis (oxygen saturation <90%) | 74/998 (7.7) | 10/24 (42) | <0.001 |
| Supplemental oxygen use | 28/1,002 (2.8) | 4/24 (17) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Hemoglobin | 14.2 ± 3.1 | 15.5 ± 3.4 | 0.09 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.87 ± 0.35 | 1.29 ± 1.19 | 0.086 |
| eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2† | 38/1,015 (3.7) | 4/24 (17) | 0.001 |
| Albumin, mg/dl | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 0.042 |
Values are mean ± SD or n/N (%).
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker medication.
∗
Data on race and ethnicity were requested from U.S. centers.
†
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation.