Table 5.
Factors Compared Based on Mild Versus Severe Cases
| Mild Case | Severe Case∗ | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, yrs | 32 ± 16 | 40 ± 23 | 0.001 |
| Male | 454/963 (47) | 52/76 (68) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 77.5 ± 20.8 | 83.0 ± 33.0 | 0.16 |
| Height, cm | 168 ± 11 | 166 ± 12 | 0.063 |
| Body mass index | 27.2 ± 6.5 | 29.2± 9.9 | 0.091 |
| Smoking/vaping history | 76/967 (7.9) | 5/77 (6.5) | 0.66 |
| Black | 62/739 (8.4) | 6/45 (13.3) | 0.25 |
| Hispanic | 93/695 (14) | 9/44 (21) | 0.19 |
| Medications | |||
| ACE/ARB use | 255/953 (27) | 28/76 (37) | 0.058 |
| Beta-blocker use | 325/956 (34) | 35/75 (46) | 0.027 |
| Medical/cardiac history | |||
| Previous atrial arrhythmia | 233/950 (25) | 26/76 (34) | 0.061 |
| Pacemaker or implantable defibrillator | 119/956 (12) | 13/77 (17) | 0.26 |
| Hypertension | 147/951 (16) | 14/76 (18) | 0.49 |
| Diabetes | 50/961 (5.2) | 15/77 (20) | <0.001 |
| Known coronary artery disease | 20/952 (2.1) | 4/76 (5.3) | 0.079 |
| Previous heart failure admission | 72/951 (7.6) | 26/74 (35) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction <40% | 29/617 (4.7) | 6/56 (11) | 0.052 |
| Systemic ventricular ejection fraction by echo | 57 ± 10 | 53 ± 10 | 0.001 |
| Systemic right ventricle (biventricular) | 51/967 (5.3) | 10/77 (13) | 0.005 |
| Moderate-severe valve dysfunction by echo | 316/766 (41) | 30/61 (49) | 0.28 |
| Fontan palliation | 108/964 (11.2) | 10/77 (13) | 0.64 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 58/955 (6.1) | 15/77 (20) | <0.001 |
| Sub-pulmonic ventricular systolic pressure by echo, mm Hg | 38 ± 21 | 52 ± 28 | 0.006 |
| Previous resting oxygen saturation, % | 96 ± 4 | 93 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Cyanosis (oxygen saturation <90%) | 64/947 (6.8) | 20/75 (27) | <0.001 |
| Supplemental oxygen use | 24/950 (2.5) | 8/76 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Hemoglobin | 14.21 ± 3.1 | 14.8± 2.8 | 0.105 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.86 ± 0.34 | 1.12 ± 0.85 | 0.043 |
| eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 35/962 (3.6) | 7/77 (9.1) | 0.019 |
| Albumin, mg/dl | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 0.013 |
Values are mean ± SD or n/N (%).
Abbreviations as in Table 2.
∗
Severe case includes need for intensive care, endotracheal intubation, renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or death.