Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 819 people who use drugs on OAT, stratified by recent exposure to fentanyl, Vancouver, Canada (2016-2018).
| Total, n (%) (N = 819) |
UDT Fentanyla, n (%) |
p- value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (n = 388, 47%) |
Positive (n = 431, 53%) |
|||
| UDT positive for THCa | 533 (66) | 151 (39) | 135 (31) | 0.028 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age (median, IQR) | 48 (38–55) | 51 (45–57) | 43 (35–51) | < 0.001 d |
| Male gender | 467 (57) | 231 (60) | 236 (55) | 0.155 |
| White race | 489 (60) | 238 (61) | 251 (58) | 0.352 |
| High school education or higher | 386 (47) | 180 (46) | 206 (48%) | 0.777 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| HIV positive | 283 (35) | 103 (36.0) | 180 (33.8) | 0.571 |
| BPI severity scale (med, IQR)a, b | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–6) | 0.666d |
| BPI interference scale (med, IQR)a | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–6) | 0.381d |
| Moderate or severe depression b | 179 (22) | 66 (17) | 113 (26) | 0.002 |
| Moderate or severe anxiety b | 243 (30) | 98 (26) | 145 (34) | 0.011 |
| Type of OAT c | ||||
| Methadone | 662 (81) | 316 (81) | 346 (80) | 0.722 |
| Buprenorphine/naloxone | 85 (10) | 41 (11) | 44 (10) | 0.909 |
| Slow-release oral morphine | 72 (9) | 20 (5) | 52 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Injectable OAT (diacetylmorphine, hydromorphone) | 63 (8) | 33 (9) | 30 (7) | 0.433 |
| Other/Unknown | 6 (1) | 4 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.589e |
| UDT resultsa | ||||
| Positive for morphine (opiates) | 503 (61) | 136 (35) | 367 (85) | < 0.001 |
| Positive for EDDP (methadone) | 607 (74) | 307 (79) | 300 (70) | 0.002 |
| Positive for buprenorphine | 57 (7) | 33 (9) | 24 (6) | 0.131 |
| Positive for oxycodone | 15 (2) | 11 (3) | 24 (6) | 0.065 |
| Positive for cocaine | 439 (54) | 185 (48) | 254 (59) | 0.002 |
| Positive for amphetamine | 366 (45) | 97 (25) | 269 (62) | < 0.001 |
| Positive for benzodiazepine | 152 (19) | 73 (19) | 79 (18) | 0.858 |
| Structural-level factors c | ||||
| Homelessness | 172 (21) | 47 (12) | 125 (30) | < 0.001 |
| Incarceration | 59 (7) | 14 (3) | 45 (10) | < 0.001 |
UDT, urine drug test. THC, tetrahydrocannabinol. BPI, Brief Pain Inventory. OAT, opioid agonist therapy. EDDP, 2-Ethylidine-1, 5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine.
a
Refers to the day of the interview
b
Refers to the 7 days prior to the interview
c
Refers to the 6-month period prior to the interview
d
Wilcoxon rank sum test
e
Fisher’s exact test