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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020 Dec 17;219:108420. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108420

Table 2.

Unadjusted and adjusted generalized estimates equation analyses of the association between recent exposure to cannabis and recent exposure to fentanyl among people on OAT, Vancouver, Canada (2016-2018)

Unadjusted
 Adjusted
Prevalence Ratio
(95% CI)		 p-
value		 Prevalence Ratio
(95% CI)		 p-
value
Primary variable of interest
  UDT positive for THCa 0.90 (0.89–0.99) 0.023 0.91 (0.83–0.99) 0.032
Socio-demographics
  Age (per year older) 0.98 (0.97–0.98) < 0.001 0.99 (0.98–0.99) < 0.001
  Male gender 0.93 (0.83–1.04) 0.195 1.05 (0.96–1.14) 0.274
  White race 0.92 (0.83–1.02) 0.113 0.99 (0.91–1.07) 0.736
  ≥High school education 1.01 (0.91–1.11) 0.913 1.07 (0.99–1.16) 0.093
Comorbidities
  HIV positive 0.92 (0.83–1.03) 0.152 0.97 (0.89–1.06) 0.483
  BPI severity scaleab 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 0.881 0.99 (0.97–1.01) 0.287
  BPI interference scale a 1.01 (1.00–1.02) 0.209 1.01 (0.99–1.02) 0.484
  Moderate or severe depression b 1.09 (1.01–1.19) 0.036 0.97 (0.89–1.06) 0.488
  Moderate or severe anxiety b 1.07 (0.99–1.15) 0.107 1.01 (0.93–1.10) 0.836
Type of OAT
  On methadone c 0.97 (0.87–1.07) 0.505 1.08 (0.95–1.23) 0.231
  On buprenorphine/naloxone c 0.86 (0.72–1.03) 0.098 0.93 (0.76–1.14) 0.511
  On slow-release oral morphine c 1.30 (1.18–1.42) < 0.001 1.15 (1.04–1.28) 0.008
  On injectable OAT (diacetylmorphine, hydromorphone) c 1.04 (0.88–1.23) 0.635 0.89 (0.76–1.05) 0.180
  On another/ unknown OAT c 1.04 (0.75–1.46) 0.801 1.01 (0.68–1.49) 0.971
UDT results a
  Positive for morphine (opiates) 2.07 (1.85–2.32) < 0.001 1.87 (1.65–2.10) < 0.001
  Positive for EDDP (methadone) 0.89 (0.81–0.98) 0.016 0.97 (0.87–1.08) 0.576
  Positive for buprenorphine 0.76 (0.60–0.97) 0.027 0.99 (0.76–1.29) 0.927
  Positive for oxycodone 0.83 (0.63–1.10) 0.193 0.75 (0.55–1.02) 0.071
  Positive for cocaine 1.19 (1.09–1.29) < 0.001 1.18 (1.10–1.28) < 0.001
  Positive for amphetamine 1.68 (1.53–1.84) < 0.001 1.40 (1.28–1.53) < 0.001
  Positive for benzodiazepine 1.04 (0.95–1.14) 0.388 1.06 (0.96–1.16) 0.251
Social-structural factors c
  Homelessness 1.24 (1.12–1.37) < 0.001 1.02 (0.94–1.10) 0.713
  Incarceration 1.10 (0.94–1.29) 0.152 0.97 (0.85–1.10) 0.601

UDT, urine drug test. THC, tetrahydrocannabinol. BPI, Brief Pain Inventory. OAT, opioid agonist therapy. EDDP, 2-Ethylidine-1, 5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine.

a

Refers to the day of the interview

b

Refers to the 7 days prior to the interview

c

Refers to the 6-month period prior to the interview