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DKO T cells undergoing S1P-induced chemokinesis. DKO naive CD4+ T cells were allowed to settle on VCAM-coated coverslips for 30 min at 37°C. Cells were imaged by DIC microscopy using a 63× objective. Images were captured every second for 2 min, at which point S1P (100 nM final) was gently dripped into the chamber. Imaging was continued for an additional 7 min. The playback rate is 40 frames per second (40×), and the indicated time (min:s) is relative to S1P stimulation.
