Table 4.

Factors associated with diabetes incidence by ethnicity, Cox proportional hazards analysis

Variables	South Asians	US blacks	US whites
	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Age	0.98 (0.82 to 1.18)	1.05 (0.77 to 1.43)	1.03 (0.82 to 1.30)
Age square	1.00 (1.00 to 1.00)	1.00 (1.00 to 1.00)	1.00 (1.00 to 1.00)
Sex (men)	0.89 (0.66 to 1.19)	1.00 (0.83 to 1.20)	0.98 (0.86 to 1.11)
BMI (per unit)	1.05 (1.02 to 1.08)	1.04 (1.02 to 1.05)	1.06 (1.04 to 1.07)
Family (parental) history of diabetes (yes)	1.23 (0.86 to 1.75)	1.37 (1.14 to 1.65)	1.53 (1.35 to 1.75)
Log HOMA-IR (per SD)	2.67 (2.05 to 3.48)	14.55 (11.11 to 19.07)	34.64 (27.63 to 43.42)
Log HOMA-B (per SD)	0.44 (0.34 to 0.58)	0.08 (0.06 to 0.11)	0.05 (0.04 to 0.06)

Diabetes defined as FPG ≥7.00 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or self-reported/physician-diagnosed diabetes or medication.

BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HR, hazard ratio.