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. 2021 Mar 25;16:739–749. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S287492

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© 2021 Machida et al.

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Study outline. We enrolled 253 stable COPD patients. Of the enrolled patients, eight were excluded from the analysis due to missing blood data, while two were excluded due to missing Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) data. Eight patients were excluded because of a short follow-up period (less than six months). Additionally, nine patients were excluded because they had a history of lung cancer, and two patients were excluded because they had lung cancer at enrollment. Therefore, we analyzed 224 patients with stable COPD.