Table 1.
Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness (μm) and frequency of thin mGCIPL by baseline characteristics of Beaver Dam Offspring Study participants.
| Overall N |
mGCIPL thickness (μm) | Thin mGCIPL (≤70.3 μm) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD)a | Age-Sex Adjusted Estimate β (95% CI)b |
N (%)a | Age-Sex Adjusted Odds Ratio OR (95% CI)b |
||
| Men | 821 | 78.3 (8.6) | 0.03 (−0.67 to 0.73) | 125 (15.1) | 1.14 (0.89-1.45) |
| Women | 986 | 78.5 (7.6) | Reference | 124 (12.7) | Reference |
| Age (years) | |||||
| <35 | 101 | 81.5 (7.4) | 10 (9.9) | ||
| 35-44 | 500 | 80.4 (7.2) | 33 (6.6) | ||
| 45-54 | 713 | 78.6 (7.7) | Per 5 years | 85 (11.9) | Per 5 years |
| 55-64 | 398 | 76.1 (8.6) | −1.15 (−1.34 to −0.95) | 83 (20.9) | 1.39 (1.29-1.49) |
| 65+ | 95 | 73.1 (8.9) | 38 (40.0) | ||
| Education (years) | |||||
| < 16 | 1178 | 78.6 (7.9) | Reference | 157 (13.3) | Reference |
| 16+ | 619 | 78.1 (8.5) | −0.57 (−1.30 to 0.16) | 91 (14.7) | 1.06 (0.82-1.38) |
| Current Smoker | |||||
| No | 1523 | 78.3 (8.4) | Reference | 217 (14.3) | Reference |
| Yes | 278 | 79.3 (7.5) | 0.24 (−0.68 to 1.16) | 32 (11.5) | 0.94 (0.66-1.35) |
| Alcohol (gm ethanol/week) | |||||
| None | 176 | 76.9 (10.2) | −1.72 (−3.15 to −0.29) | 36 (20.5) | 1.63 (1.11-2.38) |
| 0-14 | 768 | 78.5 (8.0) | Reference | 102 (13.3) | Reference |
| >14-74 | 438 | 79.2 (7.3) | 0.41 (−0.42 to 1.25) | 48 (11.0) | 0.94 (0.67-1.31) |
| >74-140 | 204 | 78.3 (8.2) | −0.55 (−1.69 to 0.59) | 26 (12.8) | 1.00 (0.64-1.55) |
| >140 | 216 | 77.6 (7.9) | −1.18 (−2.37 to 0.01) | 37 (17.1) | 1.30 (0.85-1.97) |
| Exercise 1/week | |||||
| No | 707 | 77.5 (8.4) | Reference | 114 (16.1) | Reference |
| Yes | 1095 | 79.0 (7.8) | 1.09 (0.37-1.81) | 135 (12.3) | 0.82 (0.64-1.06) |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | |||||
| T1 (≤92) | 596 | 79.3 (7.6) | 60 (10.1) | ||
| T2 (93-105) | 603 | 78.2 (8.3) | Per 5 cm increase | 93 (15.4) | Per 5 cm increase |
| T3 (>105) | 556 | 77.6 (8.5) | −0.13 (−0.25 to −0.01) | 92 (16.6) | 1.04 (1.00-1.08) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Normal (<25) | 363 | 79.7 (7.4) | Reference | 35 (9.6) | Reference |
| Overweight (25 to <30) | 604 | 78.0 (8.4) | −0.94 (−1.92 to 0.04) | 93 (15.4) | 1.27 (0.86-1.89) |
| Obese (≥30) | 792 | 78.1 (8.1) | −0.76 (−1.69 to 0.17) | 117 (14.8) | 1.17 (0.80-1.72) |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 1159 | 79.1 (7.9) | Reference | 132 (11.4) | Reference |
| Yes | 617 | 77.0 (8.4) | −0.91 (−1.72 to −0.09) | 116 (18.8) | 1.21 (0.92-1.59) |
| CVD History | |||||
| No | 1681 | 78.5 (8.1) | Reference | 225 (13.4) | Reference |
| Yes | 115 | 77.1 (7.8) | −0.91 (−2.38 to 0.56) | 21 (18.3) | 1.16 (0.76-1.79) |
| Mean IMT (mm) | |||||
| <0.79 | 1544 | 78.6 (8.0) | Per 0.1mm increase | 210 (13.6) | Reference |
| ≥0.79 | 199 | 76.2 (8.8) | −0.21 (−0.55 to 0.13) | 35 (17.6) | 0.84 (0.58-1.22) |
| Any Plaque | |||||
| No | 1366 | 78.7 (8.2) | Reference | 179 (13.1) | Reference |
| Yes | 375 | 76.9 (7.8) | −0.52 (−1.47 to 0.43) | 66 (17.6) | 0.97 (0.72-1.31) |
| Plaque sites (#) | |||||
| 0 | 1303 | 78.8 (8.2) | Reference | 165 (12.7) | Reference |
| 1-3 | 342 | 77.0 (7.8) | −0.70 (−1.69 to 0.29) | 61 (17.8) | 1.05 (0.76-1.43) |
| 4-6 | 27 | 75.6 (6.9) | −0.66 (−3.01 to 1.70) | 4 (14.8) | 0.73 (0.33-1.62) |
| Diabetes | |||||
| No | 1715 | 78.6 (7.9) | Reference | 222 (12.9) | Reference |
| Yes | 83 | 74.9 (10.0) | −2.70 (−4.76 to −0.64) | 24 (28.9) | 1.84 (1.16-2.92) |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | |||||
| <6.5 | 1675 | 78.4 (8.1) | Reference | 225 (13.4) | Reference |
| ≥6.5 | 54 | 76.5 (9.3) | −1.75 (−4.49 to 0.99) | 14 (25.9) | 1.53 (0.86-2.71) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol <150 mg/dL | |||||
| No | 922 | 78.3 (8.3) | Per 20 mg/dL | 132 (14.3) | Per 20 mg/dL |
| Yes | 815 | 78.5 (7.9) | 0.04 (−0.15 to 0.23) | 112 (13.7) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) |
| Vitamin B12 <247 pg/mL | |||||
| No | 1636 | 78.4 (8.2) | Reference | 230 (14.1) | Reference |
| Yes | 30 | 76.5 (8.5) | −1.70 (−3.91 to 0.50) | 6 (20.0) | 1.49 (0.71-3.14) |
| Vitamin D3, Q1 (<19.29 ng/mL) | |||||
| No | 1317 | 78.4 (8.1) | Reference | 177 (13.4) | Reference |
| Yes | 338 | 78.0 (8.4) | −0.64 (−1.57 to 0.30) | 57 (16.9) | 1.17 (0.86-1.59) |
| Vitamin D total <20 ng/mL | |||||
| No | 1458 | 78.4 (8.2) | Reference | 203 (13.9) | Reference |
| Yes | 197 | 78.3 (8.0) | −0.56 (−1.70 to 0.58) | 31 (15.7) | 1.08 (0.73-1.59) |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | |||||
| <1.0 | 676 | 78.6 (8.0) | 91 (13.5) | ||
| 1.0-3.0 | 645 | 78.4 (8.1) | lnCRP | 83 (12.9) | lnCRP |
| ≥3.0 | 381 | 77.7 (8.6) | −0.41 (−0.74 to −0.07) | 68 (17.9) | 1.18 (1.04-1.34) |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | |||||
| T1 (<1.267) | 540 | 79.3 (7.9) | 56 (10.4) | ||
| T2 (1.267-2.276) | 597 | 78.2 (8.3) | lnIL-6 | 86 (14.4) | lnIL-6 |
| T3 (≥2.276) | 550 | 77.6 (8.2) | −0.94 (−1.50 to −0.37) | 96 (17.5) | 1.43 (1.17-1.73) |
| sVCAM −1 (ng/mL) | |||||
| T1 (≤497.51) | 596 | 78.9 (7.7) | 76 (12.8) | ||
| T2 (497.52-635.40) | 573 | 78.5 (8.3) | lnVCAM (unit=0.25) | 79 (13.8) | lnVCAM (unit=0.25) |
| T3 (>635.40) | 533 | 77.5 (8.4) | −0.34 (−0.67 to −0.02) | 87 (16.3) | 1.06 (0.95-1.18) |
| TNF- α (pg/mL) | |||||
| T1 (≤0.35) | 585 | 79.0 (7.3) | 68 (11.6) | ||
| T2 (0.36-0.61) | 569 | 78.0 (8.2) | lnTNF- α | 89 (15.6) | lnTNF- α |
| T3 (>0.61) | 548 | 78.0 (8.9) | −0.36 (−0.85 to 0.13) | 85 (15.5) | 1.04 (0.86-1.24) |
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | |||||
| T1 (<190.1) | 567 | 78.9 (8.0) | 71 (12.5) | ||
| T2 (190.1-238.5) | 591 | 78.1 (7.9) | lnICAM (unit=0.25) | 86 (14.6) | lnICAM (unit=0.25) |
| T3 (≥238.5) | 534 | 78.1 (8.5) | −0.16 (−0.46 to 0.13) | 81 (15.2) | 1.07 (0.96-1.18) |
| Long Term hsCRP | |||||
| Reference | 978 | 78.6 (7.8) | Reference | 121 (13.4) | Reference |
| Increasing | 349 | 78.4 (8.0) | −0.42 (−1.31 to 0.48) | 49 (14.0) | 1.35 (0.97-1.88) |
| High-High | 232 | 77.6 (8.7) | −1.36 (−2.48 to −0.25) | 45 (19.4) | 1.97 (1.38-2.82) |
| Long Term IL-6 | |||||
| Reference | 1075 | 78.7 (7.9) | Reference | 135 (12.6) | Reference |
| Increasing | 203 | 78.6 (8.5) | 0.38 (−0.73 to 1.50) | 28 (13.8) | 1.00 (0.66-1.52) |
| High-High | 266 | 77.7 (7.8) | −0.98 (−2.01 to 0.04) | 48 (18.1) | 1.54 (1.10-2.15) |
| Long Term sICAM | |||||
| Reference | 1145 | 78.6 (8.3) | Reference | 156 (13.6) | Reference |
| Increasing | 164 | 78.2 (6.7) | −0.08 (−1.09 to 0.94) | 19 (11.6) | 0.83 (0.52-1.31) |
| High-High | 240 | 78.4 (7.1) | −0.45 (−1.43 to 0.52) | 36 (15.0) | 1.15 (0.81-1.63) |
| Long Term sVCAM | |||||
| Reference | 774 | 79.0 (8.0) | Reference | 99 (12.8) | Reference |
| Increasing | 410 | 78.7 (7.9) | −0.23 (−1.11 to 0.65) | 52 (12.7) | 0.91 (0.65-1.27) |
| High-High | 375 | 77.1 (8.0) | −1.14 (−2.03 to −0.25) | 64 (17.1) | 1.02 (0.75-1.40) |
| WBC (k/μL) | |||||
| T1 (≤6.3) | 618 | 78.7 (8.0) | Per 1 k/uL | 91 (14.7) | Per 1 k/uL |
| T2 (6.4-7.8) | 560 | 78.3 (8.0) | −0.18 (−0.35 to 0.002) | 68 (12.1) | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) |
| T3 (>7.8) | 562 | 78.1 (8.4) | 84 (15.0) | ||
| Refractive Status (diopters) | |||||
| Myopia (≤-1.00) | 703 | 76.6 (8.1) | −2.75 (−3.33, −2.17) | 135 (19.2) | 2.52 (2.01-3.16) |
| Emmetropia (>-1.00 and <1.00) | 853 | 79.9 (7.5) | Reference | 81 (9.5) | Reference |
| Hyperopia (≥1.00) | 206 | 78.2 (9.2) | 0.44 (−0.42 to 1.29) | 29 (14.1) | 0.99 (0.75-1.30) |
| Any AMD | |||||
| No | 1616 | 78.5 (8.0) | Reference | 220 (13.6) | Reference |
| Yes | 48 | 77.4 (7.5) | 0.62 (−0.86 to 2.11) | 7 (14.6) | 0.91 (0.52-1.61) |
| Any Cataract | |||||
| No | 1388 | 78.9 (7.3) | Reference | 157 (11.3) | Reference |
| Yes | 130 | 75.0 (11.7) | −0.77 (−2.00 to 0.45) | 36 (27.7) | 1.35 (1.01-1.79) |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | |||||
| No | 1597 | 78.4 (8.0) | Reference | 217 (13.6) | Reference |
| Yes | 90 | 77.8 (7.7) | 0.07 (−0.63 to 0.77) | 14 (15.6) | 1.12 (0.86-1.46) |
| Glaucoma | |||||
| No | 1644 | 78.7 (8.0) | Reference | 210 (12.8) | Reference |
| Yes | 99 | 73.9 (8.7) | −1.93 (−2.94 to −0.92) | 32 (32.3) | 1.43 (0.97-2.11) |
| History of Head Injury | |||||
| No | 1309 | 78.4 (8.3) | Reference | 176 (13.5) | Reference |
| Yes | 496 | 78.5 (7.5) | −0.27 (−1.03 to 0.50) | 73 (14.7) | 1.13 (0.85-1.49) |
| Cadmium Q5 (≥0.53 μg/L ) | |||||
| No | 1329 | 78.2 (8.2) | Reference | 192 (14.5) | Reference |
| Yes | 301 | 79.0 (7.4) | 0.60 (−0.28 to 1.49) | 39 (13.0) | 0.92 (0.66-1.29) |
| Lead Q5 (≥2.07 μg/dL) | |||||
| No | 1312 | 78.5 (8.2) | Reference | 189 (14.4) | Reference |
| Yes | 318 | 77.9 (7.5) | 0.44 (−0.44 to 1.32) | 42 (13.2) | 0.61 (0.43-0.86) |
| Statin Use | |||||
| No | 1511 | 78.7 (8.2) | Reference | 199 (13.2) | Reference |
| Yes | 261 | 76.8 (7.7) | −0.61 (−1.64 to 0.42) | 48 (18.4) | 1.04 (0.75-1.43) |
SD=standard deviation, CI=confidence interval, BMI=body mass index, CVD=cardiovascular disease, IMT=intima-media thickness, HDL=high-density lipoprotein, Q=quintile, hsCRP=high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6=interleukin-6, T=tertile, sVCAM=soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1, TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor-α, sICAM-1=soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, WBC=white blood cell count, AMD=age-related macular degeneration
a
Means and percentages presented are for right eye.
b
Models incorporate both eyes using generalized estimating equations