Table 2.

The protective effects of organelle-specific autophagy on various inflammatory diseases

Diseases	Multiple-organelle dysfunction	Quality control of multiple organelles by organelle-specific autophagy	Effects of organelle-specific autophagy	Refs
COPD	Dysfunction of mitochondria and severe disorganization of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and lysosomes of lung fibroblasts	Induction of mitophagy	Improving survival of bronchial epithelial cells by removing damaged mitochondria and reducing production of ROS	[146]
			Restraining excessive inflammatory response in small airway epithelial cells by limiting inflammasome activation
			Protecting against cellular senescence under CSE exposure	[147,149]
Cardiovascular diseases	Dysfunction of mitochondria and uncontrolled ER stress	Induction of mitophagy	Maintaining homeostasis of cardiomyocytes	[150]
			Improving cardiomyopathy by limiting lethal inflammatory response	[151]
			Restraining cardiomyocyte loss and promoting tissue remodeling and fibrosis	[152]
			Protecting from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by alleviating oxidative stress and insulin resistance	[153]
			Exerting cytoprotective effects under exposure to atherosclerosis	[154]
Infectious diseases	Dysfunction of mitochondria and ER stress	Induction of mitophagy	Downregulating pro-inflammatory signals caused by S. aureus pneumonia	[157]
		Induction of reticulophagy	Limiting the replication of various viruses, including Zika, Dengue, and Ebola	[159,160]
			Maintaining cellular homeostasis under exposure to Gram-positive bacteria	[82]
		Induction of lysophagy	Inhibiting the invasion of intracellular M. tuberculosis	[98,99]
		Induction of nucleophagy	Maintaining integrity of epidermal barrier	[163]
Sepsis	Damaged mitochondria, persistent ER stress, and aggregation of damaged peroxisomes	Induction of mitophagy	Protecting against cell death by eliminating damaged mitochondria	[166]
			Suppressing persistent NLRP3 inflammasome activation	[6]
		Induction of pexophagy	Restoring redox balance	[169]
Neurodegenerative diseases	Dysfunction of mitochondria, impairment of RETREG1-mediated reticulophagy, aberrant response of peroxisomes, leakage of lysosomes, and failure of nucleophagy by mutation of LMNA	Induction of mitophagy	Maintaining viability of neurons by eliminating damaged mitochondria	[170,180]
			Improving familial and sporadic Parkinson diseases by decreasing accumulation of SNCA in the substantia nigra	[177,178]
			Restricting local inflammatory response	[179]
		Induction of reticulophagy	Essential for the survival of sensory and autonomic neurons	[79]
		Induction of pexophagy	Restoring function of peroxisomes and reducing ROS production	[113]
		Induction of nucleophagy	Delaying cell senescence and alleviating degenerative disorders	[195–197]