Table 2.
Studies reporting the modulation by diets of SCFA-producing bacteria, SCFA levels, and risk factors associated with cardio-metabolic health
| Diet type | Study | Subjects | Dietary design | Modulation of SCFA-producing bacteria and/or SCFA levels | Risk factors associated with CMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiber | Djekic (2020) 169 |
27 ischemic heart disease patients | 4 weeks. Vegetarian diet (fiber-rich diet) vs meat diet | ↑ Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansiaceae | ↓ body weight, total, LDL and oxidized LDL cholesterol |
| Medina-Vera (2019) 65 |
81 T2D patients | 3-months. Fiber-rich diet | ↑ F. prausnitzii and A. muciniphila | ↓ glucose, total and LDL cholesterol, FFA, HbA1c | |
| Kasahara (2018) 174 |
Germ-free apolipoprotein E-deficient mice colonized with synthetic microbial communities (different capacities to generate butyrate) | 16 weeks. Dietary plant polysaccharides | Roseburia | ↑ fatty acid utilization ↓systematic inflammation → amelioration of atherosclerosis development |
|
| Zhao (2018) 175 |
33 T2D patients | 84 days. Standard diet for T2D patients (C) vs fiber-rich diet | ↑ acetate- butyrate- producing bacteria strains | ↓ HbA1c via ↑ GLP-1 production | |
| Marques (2016) 108 |
Sham and mineralocorticoid excess–treated mice | 3 weeks. Control diet vs high-fiber diet and acetate supplementation | ↑ acetate-producing bacteria (indep. mineralocorticoid excess) | ↓ gut dysbiosis, SBP, DPB, cardiac fibrosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, Egr1, renin-angiotensin (kidney), MAPK (heart) | |
| Weitkunat (2015) 176 |
Obesity induced by high-fat diet in gnotobiotic C3H/HeOuJ mice colonized with a simplified human microbiota | 6 weeks. High-fat diet supplemented either with 10% cellulose (C) or inulin | ↑ total SCFAs in cecum and portal vein plasma ↓ cecal acetate:propionate ratio |
↓ hepatic expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid elongation/desaturation | |
| Kim (2013) 177 |
6 obese subjects with T2D and/or hypertension | 4 weeks. Strict vegetarian diet | ↑ B. fragilis, Clostridium spp. (clusters XIVa and IV) | ↓ body weight, total, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c, fecal Lcn-2 ↑ fasting and postprandial glucose |
|
| Filippo (2010) 178 |
Comparison between children from a rural African village and European children | Rural African children: ↑ fiber intake than European children | ↑ Bacteroidetes ↑SCFAs |
- | |
| Gutiérrez-Díaz (2016) 179 |
31 healthy individuals | 6 months. Mediterranean diet vs lower fiber diet | ↑ propionate and butyrate concentrations in feces ↑ Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium |
- | |
| omega-3 | Robertson (2017) 170 |
C57BL/6 female mice and male offspring | Gestation (female), 12 weeks (offspring). n-3 PUFA deficient (-n-3) vs supplement (+n-3) vs control | - n-3: ↓Clostridiaceae | + n-3 PUFA: ↑ cecal metabolites involved in energy metabolism |
| Watson (2018) 66 |
22 healthy middle-aged subjects | 2 months. Treatment with omega-3 PUFA capsules or drinks | Both formulations: ↑ Lachnospira, Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium |
- | |
| Menni (2017) 180 |
876 middle aged and elderly female twins | Estimated food intake of omega-3 PUFA: Food frequency questionnaires | ↑DHA serum levels: ↑ Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes |
- | |
| Balfegó (2016) 181 |
35 drug-naïve patients with T2D | 6 months. Standard diet for T2D patients (C) vs same + 100 g sardines (5 days a week) | ↑ Bacteroides and Prevotella | - | |
| Noriega (2016) 182 |
45-year-old male | 2 weeks. Omega-3 rich diet (600 mg/day) | ↑ Eubacterium, Roseburia, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Subdoligranulum and Pseudobutyrivibrio | - | |
| Dairy products fermented with beneficial bacteria | Veiga (2010) 183 |
T-bet−/−Rag2−/− mice | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis DN-173 010 strain fermented milk | ↑ cecal SCFA ↑ butyrate-producing bacteria |
↓ inflammation |
| Veiga (2014) 184 |
32 women (aged 20–69 years) | 4 weeks. Consumption of (125 g/serving) twice a day of either the Bifidobacterium animalis fermented product (n = 17) or acidified milk product (C) (n = 15) | ↑ colonic SCFA ↑ butyrate-producing bacteria (MGS126 and MGS203) |
- | |
| Zhang (2013) 185 |
50 healthy adult volunteers | 4 weeks. 12% (wt/vol) skimmed milk supplemented with 10(10) CFU Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. Paracasei LC01 (n = 25) each day vs skimmed milk (C) (n = 25) | ↑ Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Roseburia ↑ acetic acid and butyrate acid levels |
- |
C, control; CMH, cardio-metabolic health; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Erg-1, early growth response protein 1; FFA, free fatty acids; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Lcn-2, lipocalin-2; LDL, low density lipoprotein; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; T2D, type-2 diabetes. NOTE: When the type of diet is not specified in the last two columns, then the observed effects are associated with the diets under study (1st column).