Table 2. Hosts and reservoirs of current or previously emerging coronaviruses*.
| Pathogen (abbreviation) | Reservoir host [suspected] | Intermediate/amplifying hosts(s) [suspected] | Spillover host(s) | Suspected susceptible hosts | Nonsusceptible host(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) |
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) | Unknown/none identified | Carnivores; family Canidae | Unknown/none identified | Unknown/none identified |
| Carnivores; family Felidae | |||||
| Carnivores; family Mustelidae | |||||
|
|
|
Carnivores; family Viverridae |
|
|
|
| Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) |
Domestic cat (Felis catus) |
Unknown/none identified |
Carnivores: family Felidae |
Mouse (Mus musculus) |
|
| Bat coronavirus HKU10 |
Leschenault’s rousettes bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) |
Unknown/none identified |
Pomona leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros pomona) |
Unknown/none identified |
Unknown/none identified |
| Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV) |
Ferret (Mustela putorius) |
Unknown/none identified |
Ferret (Mustela putorius) |
Unknown/none identified |
Unknown/none identified |
| Human coronavirus NL63 |
Bats; family Hipposideridae | Unknown/none identified | Human | Unknown/none identified | Cattle (Bos taurus) |
| Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) | |||||
| Donkey (Equus africanus) | |||||
| Goat (Capra aegagrus) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
Sheep (Ovis aries) |
|
| Human coronavirus 229E |
Bats; family Hipposideridae | Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) | Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) | Domestic cat (Felis catus) | |
|
|
|
Human |
|
|
|
| Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) |
Bats; family Vespertillionidae |
Unknown/none identified |
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) |
Unknown/none identified |
Unknown/none identified |
| Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2; strain swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) |
Bats; family Rhinolophidae |
Unknown/one identified |
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) |
Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Unknown/none identified |
| Betacoronavirus 1; strain bovine coronavirus |
[Rodent; family Muridae] |
Unknown/none identified |
Cattle (Bos taurus) |
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) |
Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
| Betacoronavirus 1; strain canine respiratory coronavirus |
[Rodent; family Muridae] |
[Cattle] (Bos taurus) |
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) |
Unknown/none identified |
Unknown/none identified |
| Betacoronavirus 1; strain uman coronavirus OC43 |
[Rodent; family Muridae] | Artiodactyl; family Bovidae | Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Mouse (Mus musculus) | Unknown/none identified |
|
|
|
Human |
|
|
|
| Human coronavirus HKU1 |
[Rodent; family Muridae] |
Unknown/none identified |
Human |
Unknown/none identified |
Unknown/none identified |
| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) |
Bats; family Vespertillionidae | Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) | Human | Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) | Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) |
| Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) | ||||
| Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) | Horse ((Equus ferus caballus) | ||||
| Llama (Lama glama) | Mouse (Mus musculus) | ||||
| New Zealand White rabbit (Oryctolagus cunuculus) | Sheep (Ovis aries) | ||||
|
|
|
|
Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
|
|
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) |
Bats; family Rhinolophidae | [Masked palm civet] (Paguma larvata) | Chinese ferret badger (Melogale moschata) | African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) | Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
| Domestic cat (Felis catus) | Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) | ||||
| Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) | Domestic cat (Felis catus) | ||||
| Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) | Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) | ||||
| Human | Ferret (Mustela putorius) | ||||
| Racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) | Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) | ||||
| Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) | |||||
| Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) | |||||
| Mouse (Mus musculus) | |||||
| Rat (Rattus sp.) | |||||
|
|
|
|
Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
|
|
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 (SARS-related CoV-2) | [Bats: family Rhinolophidae] | Unknown/none identified | Domestic cat (Felis catus) | African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) | Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
| Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) | Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) | Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) | |||
| Ferret (Mustela putorius) | Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) | Cattle (Bos taurus) | |||
| Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) | Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) | |||
| Human | Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) | Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) | |||
| Mink (Neovison vison) | Domestic cat (Felis catus) | Mouse (Mus musculus) | |||
| Lion (Panthera leo) | Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) | Pekin duck (Anas platyrhinchos) | |||
| Puma (Puma concolor) | Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) | Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) | |||
| Tiger (Panthera tigris) | Ferret (Mustela putorius) | White Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) | |||
| Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) | |||||
| Mink (Neovison vison) | |||||
| New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cunuculus) | |||||
| Racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) | |||||
| Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
*All hosts detected for each coronavirus are shown. A reservoir host is a species in which the pathogen endemically circulates and is considered to have coevolved with. An intermediate host is a species that harbors a recent common ancestor of the coronavirus or played a role in the natural selection/adaptation of the virus before its spillover. A spillover host is a nonendemically infected species in which >1 animals are considered to have acquired the virus through natural infection (e.g., exposure an infected conspecific or interspecies transmission). A susceptible host is a species in which >1 animals can become infected with the virus through experimental challenges or otherwise laboratory controlled infection studies. In vitro studies or studies using transgenic animal models to induce susceptibility are not included. A nonsusceptible host is a species in which experimental challenge or otherwise laboratory controlled infection studies have occurred that did not result in viral infection. For all categories, infection is considered detection of viral RNA from host samples or the host mounting a detectable antibody response. Therefore, infection as it is used here does not necessarily imply hosts naturally or experimentally infected with a virus are capable of transmitting the infection to others.