Table 3. Clinical manifestations for infections with current or previously emerging coronaviruses*.

Pathogen (abbreviation)	Host	Host type	Body system	Clinical manifestation	Vaccine
Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV)	Domestic dog	Reservoir	Gastrointestinal	Vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration	Yes
	Carnivores; family Canidae	Spillover	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Carnivores; family Felidae	Spillover	Gastrointestinal	Mild diarrhea	No
	Carnivores; family Mustelidae	Spillover	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Carnivores; family Viverridae	Susceptible	Unknown	Unknown	No
Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)	Domestic cat	Reservoir	Multisystemic	Varies: fever, weight loss, diarrhea, ascites, thoracic effusion, ocular signs, neurologic signs, and death	Yes†
	Carnivores: family Felidae	Spillover	Multisystemic	Weight loss, fever, diarrhea, jaundice	No
Bat coronavirus HKU10	Leschenault’s rousettes bat	Reservoir	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Pomona leaf-nosed bats	Spillover	Unknown	Lower bodyweight than noninfected bats	No
Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV)	Ferret	Reservoir, spillover	Multisystemic	Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, anemia, and neurologic signs	No
Human coronavirus NL63	Bats; family Hipposideridae	Reservoir	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Human	Spillover	Respiratory	Fever, cough, rhinorrhea	No
Human coronavirus 229E	Bats; family Hipposideridae	Reservoir	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Dromedary camels	Intermediate	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Alpaca	Spillover	Respiratory	Acute respiratory signs, death	No
	Human	Spillover	Respiratory	Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia.	No
	Domestic cat	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)	Bats; family Vespertillionidae	Reservoir	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Domestic pig	Spillover	Gastrointestinal	Vomiting, diarrhea, and death in piglets, diarrhea and agalactia in pregnant sows	Yes‡
Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2; strain swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)	Bats; family Rhinolophidae	Reservoir	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Domestic pig	Spillover	Gastrointestinal	Severe, acute diarrhea, rapid weight loss, death in piglets	No
	Mouse	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	NA
Betacoronavirus 1; strain bovine coronavirus	Rodent; family Muridae	Reservoir	Unknown,	Unknown	No
	Cattle	Spillover	Respiratory, gastrointestinal	Respiratory signs, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy	Yes
	Turkey	Susceptible	Gastrointestinal	Diarrhea, reduced weight gain, and enteritis	NA
Betacoronavirus 1; strain canine respiratory coronavirus	Rodent; family Muridae	Reservoir	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Cattle	Intermediate	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Domestic dog	Spillover	Respiratory	Mild cough, nasal discharge, inappetence, bronchopneumonia	No
Betacoronavirus 1; strain human coronavirus OC43	Rodent; family Muridae	Reservoir	Unknown,	Unknown	No
	Artiodactyl; family Bovidae	Intermediate	Unknown, suspected host	Unknown	No
	Chimpanzees	Spillover	Respiratory	Coughing, sneezing	No
	Human	Spillover	Respiratory	Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia	No
	Mouse	Susceptible	Neurologic	Anorexia, weight loss, neurologic signs	No
Human coronavirus HKU1	Rodent; family Muridae	Reservoir	Unknown, suspected host	Unknown, suspected host	No
	Human	Spillover	Respiratory	Rhinorrhea, cough, fever	No
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)	Bats; family Vespertillionidae	Reservoir	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Dromedary camels	Intermediate	Respiratory	Often asymptomatic, or can manifest with fever, nasal discharge	No
	Human	Spillover	Respiratory, multisystemic	Variable: coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, headaches, vomiting, and diarrhea, sore throat and rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia, acute renal failure, multiorgan failure, and death	No
	Alpaca	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Common marmoset	Susceptible	Respiratory	Pneumonia	No
	Domestic pig	Susceptible	Respiratory	Nasal discharge	No
	Llama	Susceptible	Respiratory	Nasal discharge	No
	Rhesus macaque	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	New Zealand White rabbit	Susceptible	Respiratory	Asymptomatic	No
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Bats; family Rhinolophidae	Reservoir	Unknown,	Unknown	No
	Masked palm civet	Intermediate, susceptible	Respiratory	Fever, lethargy, pneumonia	No
	Chinese ferret badger	Spillover	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Domestic cat	Spillover, susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Domestic dog	Spillover	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Domestic pig	Spillover, susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Human	Spillover	Respiratory	Fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia	No
	Racoon dog	Spillover	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	African green monkey	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Cynomolgus macaque	Susceptible	Respiratory	Lethargy, skin rash, and respiratory distress	No
	Ferret	Susceptible	Respiratory	Lethargy, conjunctivitis, weight loss	No
	Golden hamster	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Guinea pig	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Mouse	Susceptible	Nonspecific	Asymptomatic or weight loss and dehydration	No
	Rat	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Rhesus macaque	Susceptible	Nonspecific	Transient fever	No
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Bats: family Rhinolophidae	Reservoir	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Domestic cat	Spillover, susceptible	Respiratory	Asymptomatic or ocular discharge and sneezing, severe outcomes in rare instances	No
	Domestic dog	Spillover, susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Ferret	Spillover	Gastrointestinal	Unknown	No
	Gorilla	Spillover	Nonspecific	Lethargy, inappetence, cough	No
	Human	Spillover	Respiratory	Fever, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing	No
	Mink	Spillover, susceptible	Gastrointestinal, respiratory	Respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, increased mortality rate	No
	Lion	Spillover	Respiratory	Cough, inappetence, wheezing	No
	Puma	Spillover	Unknown	Unknown	No
	Tiger	Spillover	Respiratory	Cough, inappetence, wheezing	No
	African green monkey	Susceptible	Nonspecific	Asymptomatic or inappetence, anorexia, mildly increased temperature	No
	Chinese hamster	Susceptible	Respiratory	Weight loss, bronchitis, pneumonia	No
	Chinese tree shrew	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Common marmoset	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Cynomolgus macaque	Susceptible	Respiratory	Asymptomatic or nasal discharge	No
	Egyptian fruit bat	Susceptible	Respiratory	Asymptomatic or mild rhinitis
	Ferret	Susceptible	Respiratory	Asymptomatic or fever, cough, inappetence	No
	Golden hamster	Susceptible	Respiratory	Weight loss, lethargy, ruffled fur, hunched posture, tachypnea, pneumonia	No
	New Zealand white rabbits	Susceptible	NA	Asymptomatic	No
	Racoon dog	Susceptible	Nonspecific	Lethargy	No
	Rhesus macaque	Susceptible	Respiratory	Changes in respiratory pattern, piloerection, reduced appetite, pale appearance, hunched posture, dehydration, coughing	No

*Clinical manifestation of disease in all hosts described in Tables 1 and 2 other than nonsusceptible hosts. NA, not available.
†Not recommended for administration by the American Academy of Family Physicians. 
‡Conditional license for use.