Table 1.
Rationally designed novel matrices and newly discovered novel matrices for MALDI-MSI
| Matrix abbr. | Matrix | Target analyte classes | Ion modes | Properties | Deposition | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| • Rationally designed small organic substances as novel matrices | ||||||
| 2,5-cDHA | (E)-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one | Protein, lipid | +, − * | More vacuum-stable, small crystals for higher spatial resolution, improved sensitivity, dual-polarity for lipids | Two-step spraying | [29] |
| COOH-NHMe | 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid | Lipid, protein | +, − | Dual-polarity, detection of more lipid and protein species | Sublimation | [30] |
| • Newly discovered small organic substances as novel matrices | ||||||
| PNA | N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine | FA, AA, antioxidant, lipid | – | Strong UV-absorption, low matrix background signals, salt tolerance capacity | Spraying | [31] |
| NEDC | N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride | Glucose, Na+, K+, AA, nucleotide, antioxidant, glycerophospholipid | – | Salt tolerance capacity, low matrix background signals, improved sensitivity for selected analyte classes | Spraying | [32–36] |
| 3-APH | 3-Aminophthalhydrazide | Nucleotide, FA, lipid | +, − | Dual-polarity, improved sensitivity, broad molecular coverage, low matrix background signals, vacuum stability | Spraying | [37] |
| IR-780 | (Poly)phosphoinositide, cardiolipin, ganglioside | – | Proton affinity, vacuum stability, homogenous crystals, salt tolerance capacity | Spraying | [28] | |
| DPH | 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene | Lipid, FA with polyene structure | – | Vacuum stability, high spatial resolution | Sublimation | [38] |
| BNDM | 1,1′-Binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine | AA, organic acid, nucleoside, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, cholesterol, peptide, FA, choline, carnitine, polyamine, creatine, lipid | +, − | Low matrix background signals, improved sensitivity, dual-polarity, broad molecular coverage | Spraying | [39, 40] |
| DCH | 2,3-Dicyanohydroquinone | Lipid | + | High spatial resolution, vacuum stability, chemical stability, sensitivity | Spraying | [41] |
| DCTB | (2-[(2E)-3-(4-Tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylprop-2-enylidene]malononitrile) | Central nervous system drug | + | Improved sensitivity, low signal suppression | Spraying | [42] |
| DMCA | 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid | Small molecule | + | Low matrix background signals, sensitivity, broad molecular coverage | Spraying | [43] |
*Positive ion mode for protein and dual-polarity for lipid. AA amino acid, FA fatty acid