Table 1.
Characteristics of COPD Patients with Osteoporosis Who Were and Were Not Treated
| Baseline Characteristics, n (%) | Treated Group | Untreated Group | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=13,407 | % | N=16,204 | % | ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 70.9927 | 9.441 | 67.0571 | 12.057 | <0.0001 |
| Age group | <0.0001 | ||||
| 40 ≤ age ≤ 54 | 849 | 6.33 | 3010 | 18.58 | |
| 55 ≤ age ≤ 64 | 2134 | 15.92 | 3241 | 20 | |
| 65 ≤ age ≤ 74 | 5213 | 38.88 | 4836 | 29.84 | |
| 75 ≤ age | 5211 | 38.87 | 5117 | 31.58 | |
| Sex | <0.0001 | ||||
| Male | 4271 | 31.86 | 9459 | 58.37 | |
| Female | 9136 | 68.14 | 6745 | 41.63 | |
| Urbanization level | 0.0065 | ||||
| Urban | 6088 | 45.41 | 7629 | 47.08 | |
| Suburban | 5586 | 41.66 | 6466 | 39.9 | |
| Rural | 1733 | 12.93 | 2109 | 13.02 | |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Lung cancer | 261 | 1.95 | 754 | 4.65 | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3071 | 22.91 | 3752 | 23.15 | 0.6128 |
| Hypertension | 8716 | 65.01 | 9962 | 61.48 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3492 | 26.05 | 4475 | 27.62 | 0.0024 |
| Obesity | 56 | 0.42 | 66 | 0.41 | 0.8896 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 727 | 5.42 | 1223 | 7.55 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 2010 | 14.99 | 2740 | 16.9 | <0.0001 |
| Malignancy | 2398 | 17.89 | 3694 | 22.8 | <0.0001 |
| Pneumonia | 2095 | 15.63 | 3068 | 18.93 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol-related disease | 55 | 0.41 | 195 | 1.2 | <0.0001 |
| Renal failure | 318 | 2.37 | 525 | 3.24 | <0.0001 |
| Dementia | 743 | 5.54 | 1133 | 6.99 | <0.0001 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 98 | 0.73 | 112 | 0.69 | 0.6848 |
| Depression | 1108 | 8.26 | 1154 | 7.12 | 0.0002 |
| Coronary artery disease | 3809 | 28.41 | 4157 | 25.65 | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 864 | 6.44 | 1032 | 6.37 | 0.7914 |
| Ischemic stroke/Transient ischemic attack | 2226 | 16.6 | 2674 | 16.5 | 0.8156 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 186 | 1.39 | 338 | 2.09 | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 2083 | 15.54 | 2398 | 14.8 | 0.0778 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 180 | 1.34 | 200 | 1.23 | 0.4098 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1918 | 14.31 | 2118 | 13.07 | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular disease a | 6481 | 48.34 | 7388 | 45.59 | <0.0001 |
| Steroid use | 4640 | 34.61 | 5518 | 34.05 | 0.3162 |
| Median follow-up duration (days, median) | 28 | 1496 | |||
| COPD exacerbations in one year | |||||
| Moderate exacerbations | 0.7985 | ||||
| 0 | 12,009 | 89.57 | 14,521 | 89.61 | |
| 1 | 618 | 4.61 | 764 | 4.71 | |
| ≥2 | 780 | 5.82 | 919 | 5.67 | |
| Severe exacerbations | 0.8581 | ||||
| 0 | 11,482 | 85.64 | 13,884 | 85.68 | |
| 1 | 1260 | 9.4 | 1537 | 9.49 | |
| ≥2 | 665 | 4.96 | 783 | 4.83 | |
| Medication for COPD | |||||
| LABA | 407 | 3.04 | 434 | 2.68 | 0.0654 |
| LABA/ICS | 1399 | 10.43 | 1500 | 9.26 | 0.0007 |
| LAMA | 603 | 4.5 | 679 | 4.19 | 0.1959 |
| LABA/LAMA | 46 | 0.34 | 76 | 0.47 | 0.0564 |
| SABA | 2356 | 17.57 | 2770 | 17.09 | 0.2788 |
| SAMA | 1362 | 10.16 | 1661 | 10.25 | 0.7953 |
| Systemic β2 agonists | 6033 | 45 | 6890 | 42.52 | <0.0001 |
| ICS | 426 | 3.18 | 405 | 2.5 | 0.0004 |
| Corticosteroid | 7160 | 53.4 | 8224 | 50.75 | <0.0001 |
| Methyl-xanthines | 7601 | 56.69 | 8547 | 52.75 | <0.0001 |
| Antibiotics | 7426 | 55.39 | 9106 | 56.2 | 0.1639 |
Note: aCardiovascular disease included coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic stroke (transient ischemic attack), hemorrhagic stroke, or heart failure.
Abbreviations: LABA, long-acting β2 agonists; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LAMA, long acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA, short-acting β2 agonists; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist.