Table 3.

Hazard Ratios for the Prescription of Drugs After Osteoporosis

	N	Crude HR	95% CI		p value	Adjusted HR	95% CI		p value
			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Sex
Male	13,730	Reference				Reference
Female	15,881	1.582	1.493	1.676	<0.0001	1.577	1.487	1.672	<0.0001
Age (years)
40 ≤ age ≤ 54	3859	Reference				Reference
55 ≤ age ≤ 64	5375	2.135	1.848	2.465	<0.0001	1.998	1.844	2.165	<0.0001
65 ≤ age ≤ 74	10,049	3.14	2.752	3.582	<0.0001	2.817	2.577	3.079	<0.0001
75 ≤ age	10,328	3.849	3.377	4.387	<0.0001	3.429	3.179	3.699	<0.0001
Comorbidities
Alcohol-related disease	250	0.408	0.313	0.532	<0.0001	0.905	0.693	1.183	0.4667
Cardiovascular disease	13,869	1.156	1.118	1.196	<0.0001	1.031	0.995	1.069	0.0896
Chronic kidney disease	1950	0.771	0.681	0.872	<0.0001	0.793	0.699	0.899	0.0003
Liver disease	4750	0.791	0.73	0.857	<0.0001	0.926	0.854	1.004	0.0616
Diabetes	7967	0.991	0.954	1.03	0.6531	0.953	0.915	0.992	0.019
Dyslipidemia	6823	0.965	0.927	1.004	0.0807	0.953	0.914	0.995	0.0269
Hypertension	18,678	1.174	1.133	1.217	<0.0001	1.007	0.97	1.046	0.7017
Dementia	1876	1.037	1.008	1.067	0.013	0.932	0.833	1.043	0.2227
Depression	2262	1.117	1.05	1.187	0.0004	1.141	1.072	1.214	<0.0001
Alzheimer’s disease	210	1.143	0.937	1.394	0.1887	1.061	0.866	1.3	0.565
Renal failure	843	0.869	0.777	0.971	0.0132	0.918	0.819	1.03	0.1444
Malignancy	6092	0.953	0.938	0.969	<0.0001	0.893	0.83	0.961	0.0024
Medication
Steroid use	10,158	1.076	1.038	1.115	<0.0001	1.126	1.087	1.167	<0.0001
Estrogen use	825	2.76	2.572	2.962	<0.0001	0.714	0.603	0.844	<0.0001
Urbanization status
Urban	13,717	Reference				Reference
Suburban	12,052	1.069	1.031	1.108	0.0003	1.016	0.98	1.054	0.2879
Rural	3842	1.034	0.98	1.09	0.225	0.954	0.904	1.006	0.077

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.