Table 2.
Hormonal measures.
| Non-smokers | Smokers (ad lib) | Smokers (withdrawal) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Placebo | Naltrexone | Placebo | Naltrexone | Placebo | Naltrexone | Placebo | Naltrexone | Placebo | Naltrexone | Placebo | Naltrexone | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| ACTH a,b,c,d,e,f (pg/ml) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 19.2 (2.5) | 21.5 (2.4) | 17.7 (2.5) | 17.1 (2.4) | 20.1 (2.6) | 25.1 (2.1) | 19.5 (1.9) | 17.2 (1.8) | 20.9 (3.0) | 23.1 (2.9) | 20.1 (1.8) | 19.1 (1.7) |
| Absorption 1 | 17.1 (1.8) | 17.9 (2.0) | 13.7 (1.8) | 13.9 (2.0) | 15.5 (1.9) | 18.3 (2.1) | 15.0 (1.4) | 13.1 (1.5) | 20.9 (2.2) | 23.6 (2.4) | 16.1 (1.3) | 15.2 (1.4) |
| Absorption 2 | 16.6 (1.6) | 18.0 (3.0) | 13.6 (1.6) | 16.0 (3.0) | 14.0 (1.6) | 16.3 (3.2) | 13.8 (1.2) | 14.3 (2.3) | 19.0 (1.9) | 24.2 (3.6) | 14.7 (1.1) | 16.3 (2.1) |
| Stress | 26.8 (5.2) | 39.8 (11.8) | 25.9 (5.2) | 51.0 (11.8) | 29.3 (5.4) | 41.8 (12.3) | 27.0 (3.9) | 48.0 (8.9) | 26.8 (6.3) | 34.0 (14.2) | 26.7 (3.6) | 40.3 (8.2) |
| Post-stress 1 | 17.8 (2.5) | 34.1 (10.9) | 20.5 (2.5) | 36.4 (10.9) | 19.8 (2.6) | 33.2 (11.3) | 20.2 (1.9) | 29.6 (8.2) | 21.2 (3.0) | 25.8 (13.1) | 19.0 (1.8) | 34.2 (7.5) |
| Post-stress 2 | 15.2 (2.0) | 34.9 (8.9) | 15.5 (2.0) | 22.1 (8.9) | 16.5 (2.1) | 25.8 (9.3) | 16.2 (1.5) | 20.7 (6.7) | 20.9 (2.4) | 23.7 (10.7) | 16.1 (1.4) | 27.4 (6.2) |
| Post-stress 3 | 14.2 (2.2) | 39.7 (9.3) | 14.5 (2.2) | 19.2 (9.3) | 16.8 (2.3) | 24.8 (9.7) | 14.0 (1.7) | 15.1 (7.0) | 23.4 (2.7) | 23.9 (11.2) | 15.1 (1.5) | 26.4 (6.4) |
| Plasma cortisol a,b,c,e,f,g (ug/dl) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 11.7 (1.1) | 12.2 (0.8) | 8.6 (1.1) | 9.3 (0.8) | 11.8 (1.1) | 11.3 (0.8) | 9.4 (0.9) | 9.0 (0.6) | 7.9 (1.1) | 9.3 (0.8) | 10.6 (0.7) | 9.9 (0.5) |
| Absorption 1 | 10.2 (0.9) | 11.0 (0.7) | 7.0 (0.9) | 7.4 (0.7) | 9.4 (0.9) | 9.9 (0.8) | 7.5 (0.7) | 7.2 (0.6) | 7.6 (0.9) | 8.3 (0.7) | 8.4 (0.6) | 8.3 (0.5) |
| Absorption 2 | 8.9 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.8) | 6.0 (0.8) | 6.7 (0.8) | 8.3 (0.8) | 8.3 (0.8) | 6.2 (0.6) | 6.2 (0.6) | 6.4 (0.8) | 7.8 (0.8) | 7.6 (0.5) | 7.6 (0.5) |
| Stress | 10.2 (0.9) | 13.0 (1.3) | 12.2 (0.9) | 14.0 (1.3) | 9.4 (1.0) | 15.8 (1.4) | 10.3 (0.7) | 15.9 (1.1) | 8.6 (0.9) | 12.2 (1.3) | 10.2 (0.6) | 12.3 (0.9) |
| Post-stress 1 | 9.7 (1.0) | 15.4 (1.4) | 11.7 (1.1) | 16.3 (1.4) | 9.9 (1.1) | 16.7 (1.5) | 9.6 (0.9) | 15.3 (1.1) | 9.0 (1.1) | 13.4 (1.4) | 9.9 (0.7) | 12.7 (1.0) |
| Post-stress 2 | 8.3 (0.8) | 14.8 (1.2) | 9.0 (0.8) | 12.4 (1.2) | 7.9 (0.9) | 15.7 (1.2) | 7.6 (0.7) | 12.0 (1.0) | 7.5 (0.8) | 11.8 (1.2) | 8.2 (0.6) | 10.9 (0.8) |
| Post-stress 3 | 7.0 (0.7) | 14.5 (1.1) | 7.6 (0.8) | 10.9 (1.1) | 7.1 (0.8) | 13.3 (1.1) | 5.7 (0.6) | 9.2 (0.9) | 6.7 (0.8) | 10.7 (1.1) | 6.6 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.7) |
| Salivary cortisol a,c,e,f,g,h (ng/ml) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 3.0 (0.5) | 3.8 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.5) | 4.2 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.8 (0.4) | 3.4 (0.4) |
| Absorption 1 | 2.7 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.3) | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.7 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.3) |
| Absorption 2 | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.2) | 2.2 (0.2) |
| Stress | 2.5 (0.4) | 3.5 (1.1) | 2.9 (0.4) | 5.0 (1.2) | 2.0 (0.5) | 5.1 (1.7) | 2.8 (0.4) | 7.2 (1.1) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.4 (1.1) | 3.1 (0.3) | 4.8 (0.9) |
| Post-stress 1 | 2.3 (0.6) | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.6 (0.6) | 8.2 (1.3) | 2.7 (0.9) | 6.0 (1.9) | 2.8 (0.6) | 6.7 (1.2) | 2.3 (0.6) | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.1 (0.5) | 4.2 (1.0) |
| Post-stress 2 | 1.5 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.3) | 5.1 (1.0) | 2.0 (0.5) | 6.1 (1.4) | 1.9 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.3) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.7) |
| Post-stress 3 | 1.6 (0.2) | 5.2 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.3) | 4.0 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.4) | 5.8 (1.1) | 2.0 (0.2) | 4.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.2) | 3.2 (0.6) |
Entries show mean and standard error of the mean. Variable names with asterisks showed significant effect(s) for the following:
a
Drug effect
b
Sex × Drug interaction
c
Time effect
d
Smoking Group × Time interaction
e
Sex × Time interaction
f
Drug × Time interaction
g
Smoking Group × Drug × Time interaction
h
Smoking Group × Drug interaction.