Fig. 1.

Study cohorts. 1) Histology cohort: Among 2,224 patients, 602 patients who had histology data formed the histology cohort and serology was performed in different labs. 2) Normal non-CD cohort: Among 2,224 patients, 1,854 patients had serological tests performed recently in the same lab using the same Elisa kits, and the majority (n=1,621) had no biopsy and a small portion (n=233) had biopsy with normal results. The absence of CD was determined by the patients' physicians based on serological tests, clinical profiles, and medical history in 1,621 patients who did not have biopsy and together with normal biopsy results in 233 patients.

CD: celiac disease.