Table 3.
Associations between participant characteristics and PHQ-9 trajectory classes
| Class 2 (vs Class 1) | Class 3 (vs Class 1) | Class 4 (vs Class 1) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR | 95% Cis | p-value | RRR | 95% Cis | p-value | RRR | 95% Cis | p-value | |
| Gender: Women (vs men) | 0.95 | (0.83;1.1) | 0.516 | 1.22 | (1.12;1.33) | <0.001 | 1.47 | (1.25;1.73) | <0.001 |
| Age: 18–29 years (vs 60+ years) | 3.45 | (2.71;4.39) | <0.001 | 2.19 | (1.88;2.54) | <0.001 | 4.31 | (3.34;5.57) | <0.001 |
| Age: 30 to 45 years (vs 60+ years) | 2.35 | (1.89;2.93) | <0.001 | 1.80 | (1.58;2.06) | <0.001 | 2.68 | (2.11;3.41) | <0.001 |
| Age: 46 to 59 years (vs 60+ years) | 1.93 | (1.6;2.32) | <0.001 | 1.52 | (1.36;1.69) | <0.001 | 1.76 | (1.43;2.17) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity: Black, Asian, Minority (vs White) | 1.02 | (0.81;1.28) | 0.893 | 1.29 | (1.13;1.47) | <0.001 | 0.97 | (0.75;1.24) | 0.782 |
| Education: Low (vs High) | 1.16 | (0.97;1.39) | 0.111 | 1.08 | (0.97;1.21) | 0.148 | 1.44 | (1.19;1.75) | <0.001 |
| Education: Medium (vs High) | 1.24 | (1.06;1.46) | 0.007 | 0.93 | (0.84;1.02) | 0.140 | 1.05 | (0.88;1.25) | 0.581 |
| Income: <£30,000 (vs >£30,000) | 1.82 | (1.56;2.12) | <0.001 | 1.39 | (1.26;1.52) | <0.001 | 1.39 | (1.18;1.62) | <0.001 |
| Income: prefer not to say (vs >£30,000) | 1.43 | (1.15;1.78) | 0.001 | 1.08 | (0.94;1.25) | 0.251 | 0.67 | (0.5;0.89) | 0.005 |
| Alone (vs With others, no children) | 1.57 | (1.33;1.85) | <0.001 | 1.36 | (1.23;1.51) | <0.001 | 1.38 | (1.15;1.67) | 0.001 |
| Living with others, with children (vs Others, no children) | 1.04 | (0.87;1.23) | 0.672 | 1.06 | (0.95;1.17) | 0.309 | 1.29 | (1.08;1.54) | 0.005 |
| Mental health diagnosis (vs none) | 6.62 | (5.77;7.61) | <0.001 | 3.05 | (2.77;3.36) | <0.001 | 2.84 | (2.42;3.34) | <0.001 |
| Carer (vs not a carer) | 1.41 | (1.19;1.67) | <0.001 | 1.26 | (1.13;1.4) | <0.001 | 1.11 | (0.92;1.35) | 0.279 |
| Keyworker (vs not a keyworker) | 1.04 | (0.89;1.23) | 0.609 | 0.96 | (0.87;1.06) | 0.467 | 1.08 | (0.92;1.28) | 0.357 |
| Long-term health condition (vs none) | 1.98 | (1.73;2.26) | <0.001 | 1.56 | (1.43;1.69) | <0.001 | 1.42 | (1.23;1.65) | <0.001 |
| Overcrowded living (vs not) | 1.25 | (1.04;1.5) | 0.019 | 1.07 | (0.94;1.21) | 0.291 | 1.08 | (0.88;1.32) | 0.476 |
| Urban (vs Rural) | 1.08 | (0.95;1.23) | 0.249 | 1.09 | (1;1.18) | 0.048 | 0.95 | (0.82;1.09) | 0.436 |
| Social: every day (vs once/twice a week) | 0.94 | (0.74;1.21) | 0.646 | 1.08 | (0.94;1.25) | 0.269 | 1.36 | (1.09;1.69) | 0.007 |
| Social: three/four times a week (vs once/twice a week) | 0.88 | (0.73;1.06) | 0.170 | 0.97 | (0.87;1.08) | 0.531 | 0.85 | (0.71;1.03) | 0.097 |
| Social: once/twice a month (vs once/twice a week) | 0.98 | (0.82;1.17) | 0.843 | 1.05 | (0.94;1.18) | 0.348 | 0.93 | (0.77;1.13) | 0.479 |
| Social: less once month (vs once/twice a week) | 1.71 | (1.43;2.06) | <0.001 | 1.31 | (1.15;1.48) | <0.001 | 0.92 | (0.72;1.16) | 0.476 |
| Personality: Neuroticism | 1.23 | (1.21;1.25) | <0.001 | 1.15 | (1.14;1.16) | <0.001 | 1.13 | (1.11;1.15) | <0.001 |
| Personality: Extraversion | 0.98 | (0.96;0.99) | 0.003 | 0.99 | (0.98;1) | 0.134 | 1.01 | (0.99;1.02) | 0.548 |
| Personality: Openness | 1.05 | (1.03;1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 | (1.03;1.06) | <0.001 | 1.07 | (1.04;1.09) | <0.001 |
| Personality: Agreeableness | 1.00 | (0.98;1.02) | 0.967 | 1.01 | (0.99;1.02) | 0.292 | 1.00 | (0.98;1.02) | 0.896 |
| Personality: Conscientiousness | 0.94 | (0.92;0.96) | <0.001 | 0.95 | (0.94;0.96) | <0.001 | 0.95 | (0.93;0.98) | <0.001 |
Notes: RRR = relative risk ratio; 95%CIs = 95% confidence intervals. Figures in bold are statistically significant at p < 0.05.