TABLE 2.

GAG binding proteins.

Type of protein	Name of protein	Type of GAG	participating binding residues and Secondary structure	Affinity (Kd)	References
Chemokine	CCL5	Heparin	40S loop (R44KNR47), α helix (K55, K56)	18 μM	Wang et al., 2011
		CS	40S loop(R44KNR47), N loop (R17, L19, I15)	0.25 μM	Deshauer et al., 2015
	CXCL1	Heparin/HS	N terminus(R8), N-loop (H19, K21),40S turn (K45, R48), β3-strand (R49), C-helix (K60, K61, K65)	50 μM	Sepuru and Rajarathnam, 2016; Sepuru et al., 2018b; Sepuru and Rajarathnam, 2019
		CS/DS	N terminus(R8), N-loop (H19, K21), 40S turn (R48),	4 μM	Sepuru and Rajarathnam, 2019
	CXCL2	Heparin	N-loop (R17, K21), 40S turn (K45), C-helix (K61, K65, K69)	25 μM	Sepuru et al., 2018b
	CXCL5	Heparin/HS	N-loop (H23, K25), 40S turn (K49), β3 strand (K52), C-helix (Lys64, Lys65, Lys69, Lys76)	30 μM	Sepuru et al., 2016; Sepuru and Rajarathnam, 2019
		CS/DS	N-loop (H23, K25), 40S turn (K49), β3 strand (K52)	3 μM	Sepuru and Rajarathnam, 2019
	CXCL7	Heparin	N-loop (H15, K17), β3-strand(R44), C-helix (R54, K57, K61)	—	Brown et al., 2017
	CXCL8	Heparin	N-loop (K15, H18, K20, K23), C -helix (R60, K64, R68), β3-strand (R47), 50S loop (K54)	μM	Joseph et al., 2015
	CXCL11	Heparin	C- helix (K57SKQAR62)	—	Severin et al., 2010
	CXCL12	Heparin	C-helix (R12, A40), 20S loop (K24), 40S loop (N46)	μM	Laguri et al., 2011
	CXCL13	HS	C-helix (K60, R64, R67, H68), C-loop (K84, R85, R86)	19 nM	Monneau et al., 2017
	CXCL14	Heparin	10S loop(I12), β2-strand (I36, T37), 40S loop(K54), C -helix (R72),	—	Penk et al., 2019
		CS/DS	10S loop(I12), 40S loop(K54), C -helix (R72)	—	Penk et al., 2019
Growth factor	FGF1	Heparin	β1–β2 loop (N18), β8–β9 loop (N92), β10–β11 loop (K113), β11 strand (K118), β11–β12 loop (Q127, K128)	nM	Ogura et al., 1999
	FGF2	Heparin	β1 strand (K27), β1–β2 loop (N28), β8–β9 loop (N102), β10–β11 loop (R121), β11 strand (K126), β11–β12 loop (Q135, K136)	nM	Faham et al., 1996
	FGF7	Heparin	β3 strand (R18), 40s loop(N92), β10(N114), 110s loop(Q115), 120s loop (V120, K124, Q129, K130, T131)	—	Ye et al., 2001
Serpin	AT III	Heparin	N-terminal end (K11, R13), A helix (R46, R47), D helix (K114, K125, R129, R132, K133, K136)	20 nM	Olson et al., 2002
Type II cytokines	IL-10	Heparin/CS/DS	D helix (K99, R102, R104, R106), 110S loop (R107, K117, K119)	0.41 mM	Künze et al., 2016
	IFNγ	Heparin	C-terminal end (D1:K125TGKRKR131, D2:R137GRR140)	1.63 nM	Saesen et al., 2013
	Roundabout 1	HS	80s loop (K81), 130s loop (V133, H134, G135, R136, K137), βA strand (I167, R169)	—	Gao et al., 2016
Cytokine	Pleiotrophin	CS	C-terminal TSR domain β-sheet (K60, K61, K69, K91, K92, K84, K86, K107)	90 μM	Ryan et al., 2016
Link protein	CD44	HA	β1 strand (K38), 40s loop (R41, Y42), 70s loop (R78, Y79), 90s loop (N100, N101), 150s loop (R150), β9 strand (R154), 160s loop(R162)	μM	Banerji et al., 2007
	TSG-6	HA	10s loop (K11, Y12), 40s loop (H45, C47), β3 strand (A49), β3 strand (Y59), 60s loop (V62, K63), 80s loop (Y78, R81)	μM	Higman et al., 2014
Viral pathogen	viral CCL2	Heparin	10s loop(R18), 40s loop (K45, R46, R48)	113 mM	Zhao and LiWang, 2010
Defensins	Human β-defensin 2	Heparin/DS	20s loop(R22RYK25), β3 strand (K39), 40s loop(K40)	5 mM	Seo et al., 2010
RNase A	Eosinophil cationic protein	Heparin	α1 helix (R7, Q14, H15), β1 strand (Q40), loop4(H64), β6 strand(H128)	15 μM	García-Mayoral et al., 2013