TABLE 5.
Types and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance among bacterial agents of infected diabetic foot ulcer from tertiary healthcare facilities in Osun state, Nigeria, July 2016 to April 2017.
| Bacteria isolates | MRSA/MRCoNS |
VRSA/VRE |
ESBL |
AmpC |
Carbapenem resistance |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Gram-positive cocci (59) | ||||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus (34) | 12 | 35.3 | 0 | 0.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Enterococcus spp. (14) | NA | NA | 0 | 0.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| CoNS (4) | 1 | 25.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Other† (7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Gram-negative bacilli (129) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 43 | 33.3 | 4 | 3.1 | 10 | 7.8 |
| Escherichia coli (23) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10 | 43.5 | 2 | 8.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Klebsiella spp. (19) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10 | 52.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Citrobacter spp. (19) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10 | 52.6 | 1 | 5.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Enterobacter spp. (11) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 | 54.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 15.0 |
| Proteus mirabilis (10) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 | 20.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Acinetobacter spp. (9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4‡ | 44.4 |
| M. morganii (7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 | 28.6 | 1 | 41.3 | 1 | 14.3 |
| Hafnia alvei (5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 40.0 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Providencia spp (3) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 33.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Salmonella enterica subsp. Arizonae (2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
†
, Other Gram-positive cocci included Streptococcus bovis, Aerococcus species and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp other than S. aureus.
‡
, These four species were A. baumannii.
MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MRCoNS, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp; VRSA, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VRE, vancomycinresistant Enterococcus; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; AmpC, AmpC β-lactamase; NA, not applicable.