Figure 2.

Principle of optical molecular imaging-assisted en bloc resection for the treatment of bladder cancer. After instillation of the molecular targeted tracer (from half an hour to a few days before operation relying on the pharmacokinetics and distribution of the molecular targeted tracer in vivo) into the bladder, the bladder is flushed to drain the uncombined molecular targeted tracer. Then, a paired imaging device is used for optical molecular imaging to detect the entire bladder mucosa. In addition to large tumors, small or occult tumor lesions can be detected under optical molecular imaging-assisted en bloc resection. The intact tumor specimens collected after the operation is immediately sent to the pathology department and examined using fluorescence microscope. Pathologists can accurately assess the status of the tumor surgical margin and the depth of tumor invasion, which will help urologist choose the most appropriate treatment strategy for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to improve the oncological outcomes.