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. 2021 Mar 29;4(3):e213526. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3526

Table 3. Associations Between Parental Socioeconomic Measures and Fetal Brain Volumesa.

Education level Occupation level SES score
β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value β (95% CI) P value
Mothers
CGM −1.41 (−2.41 to −0.41) .01b −0.90 (−1.65 to −0.16) .02b −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.03) .01b
WM 2.86 (1.26 to 4.45) .001b 2.07 (0.88 to 3.26) .001b 0.23 (0.11 to 0.36) <.001b
Cerebellum 0.26 (0.09 to 0.42) .003b 0.17 (0.04 to 0.29) .01b 0.02 (0.01 to 0.03) .004b
DGM 0.16 (0.002 to 0.32) .048 0.09 (−0.03 to 0.21) .12 0.01 (−0.001 to 0.02) .08
Brainstem 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10) .01b 0.03 (0.001 to 0.07) .04 0.004 (0.001 to 0.01) .02b
Whole brain 1.92 (−0.20 to 4.03) .08 1.46 (−0.11 to 3.03) .07 0.16 (−0.004 to 0.33) .06
Fathers
CGM −0.95 (−1.84 to −0.06) .04 −1.08 (−1.87 to −0.29) .01b −0.10 (−0.18 to −0.03) .01b
WM 2.39 (0.97 to 3.81) .001b 1.98 (0.71 to 3.25) .002b 0.21 (0.09 to 0.34) .001b
Cerebellum 0.13 (−0.02 to 0.28) .09 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.21) .25 0.01 (−0.004 to 0.02) .16
DGM 0.16 (0.02 to 0.31) .02 0.11 (−0.02 to 0.24) .10 0.01 (−0.0001 to 0.03) .05
Brainstem 0.04 (0.004 to 0.08) .03 0.03 (−0.002 to 0.07) .07 0.004 (0.0001 to 0.007) .04
Whole brain 1.78 (−0.09 to 3.64) .06 1.12 (−0.56 to 2.79) .19 0.13 (−0.03 to 0.30) .12

Abbreviations: CGM, cortical gray matter; DGM, deep gray matter; GA, gestational age; SES, socioeconomic status; WM, white matter.

a

Adjusted for GA at magnetic resonance imaging scan (wk) and fetal sex (ie, female: 0; male: 1). Brain volume measured in cm3.

b

q < 0.05.