Table 3. Associations Between Parental Socioeconomic Measures and Fetal Brain Volumesa.
Education level | Occupation level | SES score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
Mothers | ||||||
CGM | −1.41 (−2.41 to −0.41) | .01b | −0.90 (−1.65 to −0.16) | .02b | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.03) | .01b |
WM | 2.86 (1.26 to 4.45) | .001b | 2.07 (0.88 to 3.26) | .001b | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.36) | <.001b |
Cerebellum | 0.26 (0.09 to 0.42) | .003b | 0.17 (0.04 to 0.29) | .01b | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.03) | .004b |
DGM | 0.16 (0.002 to 0.32) | .048 | 0.09 (−0.03 to 0.21) | .12 | 0.01 (−0.001 to 0.02) | .08 |
Brainstem | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10) | .01b | 0.03 (0.001 to 0.07) | .04 | 0.004 (0.001 to 0.01) | .02b |
Whole brain | 1.92 (−0.20 to 4.03) | .08 | 1.46 (−0.11 to 3.03) | .07 | 0.16 (−0.004 to 0.33) | .06 |
Fathers | ||||||
CGM | −0.95 (−1.84 to −0.06) | .04 | −1.08 (−1.87 to −0.29) | .01b | −0.10 (−0.18 to −0.03) | .01b |
WM | 2.39 (0.97 to 3.81) | .001b | 1.98 (0.71 to 3.25) | .002b | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.34) | .001b |
Cerebellum | 0.13 (−0.02 to 0.28) | .09 | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.21) | .25 | 0.01 (−0.004 to 0.02) | .16 |
DGM | 0.16 (0.02 to 0.31) | .02 | 0.11 (−0.02 to 0.24) | .10 | 0.01 (−0.0001 to 0.03) | .05 |
Brainstem | 0.04 (0.004 to 0.08) | .03 | 0.03 (−0.002 to 0.07) | .07 | 0.004 (0.0001 to 0.007) | .04 |
Whole brain | 1.78 (−0.09 to 3.64) | .06 | 1.12 (−0.56 to 2.79) | .19 | 0.13 (−0.03 to 0.30) | .12 |
Abbreviations: CGM, cortical gray matter; DGM, deep gray matter; GA, gestational age; SES, socioeconomic status; WM, white matter.
Adjusted for GA at magnetic resonance imaging scan (wk) and fetal sex (ie, female: 0; male: 1). Brain volume measured in cm3.
q < 0.05.