Table 1.
Treatment results in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease.
| Reference | Sample | Treatment | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ju et al. (35) | n=35 OSAS | auto-PAP/CPAP | OSA on SWA and Aβ—and possibly tau—is a probable proximal step in a cascade whereby OSA increases the risk of AD |
| Elias et al. (36) | n=42/119 OSAS | CPAP (n=14) | CPAP↓ amyloid PET findings and APOE4 related to with Aβ amyloidburden than OSA. |
| Liguori et al. (28) | n=25 OSA, n=10 OSA-CPAP, n=15 C | CPAP | OSA ↓ sleep quality and ↑ intermittent hypoxia, inducing biomarkers alterations |
| Osorio et al. (29) | n=133 AD + SDB | CPAP (35 pts) | CPAP ↓ onset of cognitive impairment |
| Troussière et al. (37) | n=23 AD and SAS (14 of whom underwent CPAP treatment) | CPAP | CPAPtreatment of severe SAS in mild-to-moderate AD patients was associated with significantly slower cognitive decline over a three-year follow-up period |
| Singh et al. (38) | n=20 OSAS | CPAP + Vitamin E + C | Improving number of apnoeic episodes and the oxidative profile |
| Richards (30) | n=10 AD + OSAS | CPAP (5 pts) at 6 weeks and after 1 year of treatment | CPAPtreatment ↓ symptoms |
| Cooke et al. (31) | n=10 AD + OSAS | CPAP (5 pts) at 6 weeks and after 13.3 months of treatment | CPAPtreatment ↑ sleep and mood as well as retardation of cognitive impairment |
| Ancoli-Israel et al. (32) | n=52 AD + OSA | CPAP and placebo after one night and after 3 weeks of treatment | Improvement in sleep architecture |
| Cooke et al. (33) | n=52 AD + OSA | CPAP + placebo (after 3 weeks placebo + 3 CPAP or 6 weeks of CPAP treatment) | ↑ cognition |
| Ayalon et al. (34) | n=21 AD + OSAS | CPAP (9 pts) for 3 weeks CPAP or 3 placebo and 3 weeks CPAP | ↓depression symptoms |
| Sukys-Claudino et al. (39) | n=21 OSAS (n=11 Donezepil, n=10 placebo) | Donezepil | ↑ breathing regulation in OSA patients |
| Moraes et al. (27) | n=23 AD + OSAS = (n=11 Donezepil, n=12 placebo) | Donezepil | Donepezil treatment improved AHI and oxygen saturation in patients with AD |
| La et al. (40) | n=25 AD under trazodone, n=25 AD non – users | Trazodone | ↑ cognitive in patients with AD |
| Smales et al. (41) | n=15 OSAS (6 under CPAP) | Trazodone | Trazodone may be beneficial for cognition and AD prevention |
| Eckert et al. (42) | n=7 OSAS | Trazodone | Trazodone may be beneficial for cognition and AD prevention |
| Kryscio et al. (43) | n=3,786 men | Selenium + Vitamin E | The antioxidant agents did not prevent the onset of dementia |
| Albuquerque et al. (44) | - | Selenium | ↓ oxidative stress in patients with OSA |
| Kim et al. (45) | n=14 patients with probable AD | Rivastigmine transdermal patch | ↑ RDI |
| Cho et al. (46) | n=12,664 OSAS under Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and n=112,753 OSAS with no surgery | Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty | In the no-surgerygroup, the incidence of dementias was higher |
| Kheirandish-Gozal et al. (47) | n=74 OSAS children,n=105 obesity OSAS, n=63 OB,n=44 C (24 of which underwent Adenotonsillectomy) | Adenotonsillectomy | OSA and OSA+OB are associated with increased plasma levels of AD biomarkers ↓ treatment of OSA |
Note: AD = Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ = amyloid-beta, C = control, CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure, OB = obesity, OSAS = obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, PAP = positive airway pressure, PET = positron emission tomography, SAS = sleep apnea syndrome, SWA = slow wave activity during sleep.