Table 2. Nationwide Difference-in-Differences Estimates for EBT and Non-EBT Statesa.
| Regression model | Change in WIC enrollment 3 y after EBT implementation in EBT states relative to non-EBT states, % (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Primary analysis | ||
| All WIC beneficiaries | 7.78 (3.58 to 12.15) | <.001 |
| Analyses stratified by participant group | ||
| Pregnant and postpartum women | 7.22 (2.54 to 12.12) | .002 |
| Infants (<1 y) | 4.96 (0.95 to 9.12) | .02 |
| Children (1-4 y) | 9.12 (3.19 to 15.39) | .002 |
| Analyses stratified by states’ baseline participation rate | ||
| Low | 14.88 (4.11 to 26.76) | .006 |
| High | 4.76 (−1.84 to 11.82) | .16 |
Abbreviations: EBT, electronic benefits transfer; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
a
Difference-in-differences estimates are presented as percentage point changes. The 95% CIs are corrected for clustering at the state level. All estimates include state, month, and year dummy variables as covariates.