Table 2.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohorts
| Variable |
Glaucoma surgery (N = 12,038) |
Non-glaucoma surgery (N = 17,561) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n |
Percentage or mean ± SD |
n |
Percentage or mean ± SD |
P Value | |
| Age (years) | 12,038 | 68.5 ± 12.4 | 17,561 | 68.8 ± 14.0 | < 0.0001* |
| Category | < 0.0001 | ||||
| ≤ 39 | 305 | 2.5 | 719 | 4.1 | < 0.0001 |
| 40–49 | 628 | 5.2 | 929 | 5.3 | 0.7910 |
| 50–59 | 1488 | 12.4 | 1842 | 10.5 | < 0.0001 |
| 60–69 | 3227 | 26.8 | 4168 | 23.7 | < 0.0001 |
| 70–79 | 4207 | 34.9 | 6069 | 64.6 | 0.4943 |
| ≥ 80 | 2183 | 18.1 | 3034 | 21.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Gender | |||||
| Category | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Male | 7032 | 58.4 | 9376 | 53.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Female | 5006 | 41.6 | 8185 | 46.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 12,038 | 22.7 ± 4.3 | 17,561 | 22.2 ± 6.2 | < 0.0001* |
| Category | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Thin (< 18.5) | 1076 | 8.9 | 1565 | 8.9 | 0.9504 |
| Normal (≥18.5 < 25) | 7867 | 65.4 | 11,262 | 64.1 | 0.0313 |
| Fat (≥25) | 2969 | 24.7 | 4220 | 24.0 | 0.2144 |
| Not classified | 126 | 1.0 | 514 | 2.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Smoking index | 12,038 | 91.3 ± 288.5 | 17,561 | 89.9 ± 290.6 14.0 | 0.9622* |
| Maximum | 0 | 0 | |||
| Minimum | 5000 | 4995 | |||
| Season | |||||
| Category | 0.0303 | ||||
| Spring (April–June) | 3295 | 27.4 | 4659 | 26.5 | 0.1093 |
| Summer (July–September) | 2504 | 20.8 | 3644 | 20.8 | 0.9187 |
| Autumn (October–December) | 2520 | 20.9 | 3922 | 22.3 | 0.0041 |
| Winter (January–March) | 3719 | 30.9 | 5336 | 30.4 | 0.3553 |
| Length of stay in hospital | 12,038 | 12.1 ± 6.1 | 17,561 | 8.6 ± 6.0 | < 0.0001* |
| Maximum | 1 | 1 | |||
| Minimum | 99 | 128 | |||
| Charlson comorbidity index | |||||
| Category | 0.4710 | ||||
| Low (0) | 9748 | 81.0 | 14,287 | 81.4 | 0.4135 |
| Medium (1, 2) | 2177 | 18.1 | 3100 | 17.7 | 0.3457 |
| High (3, 4) | 109 | 0.9 | 162 | 0.9 | 0.9013 |
| Very High (≥5) | 4 | 0.0 | 12 | 0.1 | 0.3085 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Circulatory system | |||||
| Hypertension | 852 | 7.1 | 1428 | 8.1 | 0.0009 |
| Hypotension | 2 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.0 | 0.7820 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 292 | 2.4 | 412 | 2.3 | 0.6694 |
| Heart failure | 82 | 0.7 | 147 | 0.8 | 0.1377 |
| Stroke | 80 | 0.7 | 118 | 0.7 | 1.0000 |
| Metabolic system | |||||
| Diabetes | 1763 | 14.6 | 2386 | 13.6 | 0.0101 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 385 | 3.2 | 575 | 3.3 | 0.7166 |
| Electrolyte disorders | 134 | 1.1 | 232 | 1.3 | 0.1204 |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 14 | 0.1 | 28 | 0.2 | 0.3512 |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 10 | 0.1 | 28 | 0.2 | 0.0971 |
| Nervous system | |||||
| Dementia | 18 | 0.2 | 43 | 0.2 | 0.0894 |
| Depression | 56 | 0.5 | 88 | 0.5 | 0.7339 |
| Mental disorders | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.4067 |
| Immune system | |||||
| Cancer | 110 | 0.9 | 155 | 0.9 | 0.8017 |
| Allergies | 981 | 8.1 | 542 | 3.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Gastrointestinal system | |||||
| Peptic ulcer | 181 | 1.5 | 221 | 1.3 | 0.0821 |
| Liver insufficiency/failure | 30 | 0.2 | 35 | 0.2 | 0.3784 |
| Concomitant drug | |||||
| Circulatory system | |||||
| Hypertension | 3416 | 28.4 | 5546 | 31.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Hypotension | 36 | 0.3 | 56 | 0.3 | 0.8319 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2125 | 17.7 | 2625 | 14.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 3656 | 30.4 | 5735 | 32.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Stroke | 2942 | 24.4 | 3053 | 17.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Metabolic system | |||||
| Diabetes | 588 | 4.9 | 635 | 3.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 777 | 6.5 | 977 | 5.6 | 0.0016 |
| Electrolyte disorders | 1233 | 10.2 | 1907 | 10.9 | 0.0909 |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 78 | 0.6 | 106 | 0.6 | 0.6518 |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 303 | 2.5 | 301 | 1.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Nervous system | |||||
| Dementia | 45 | 0.4 | 84 | 0.5 | 0.2084 |
| Depression | 2518 | 20.9 | 2005 | 11.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Mental disorders | 2522 | 21.0 | 2012 | 11.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Immune system | |||||
| Cancer | 9313 | 77.4 | 3997 | 22.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Allergies | 436 | 3.6 | 433 | 2.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Gastrointestinal system | |||||
| Peptic ulcer | 336 | 18.5 | 2450 | 14.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Liver insufficiency/failure | 2230 | 2.8 | 418 | 2.4 | 0.0294 |
| Glaucoma types | |||||
| POAG | 4404 | 36.6 | 5628 | 32.0 | < 0.0001 |
| OAG | 4214 | 35.0 | 6300 | 36.0 | 0.1253 |
| NTG | 743 | 6.2 | 1331 | 7.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Not classified | 2677 | 22.2 | 4320 | 24.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Glaucoma drug by class | |||||
| PG | 2827 | 23.5 | 3923 | 22.3 | 0.0215 |
| BB | 713 | 5.9 | 1212 | 6.9 | 0.0008 |
| CAI | 1086 | 9.0 | 1445 | 8.2 | 0.0168 |
| ROCKI | 694 | 5.8 | 928 | 5.3 | 0.0771 |
| AA | 1640 | 13.3 | 2317 | 13.2 | 0.7534 |
| AB | 131 | 1.1 | 141 | 0.8 | 0.0130 |
| ABB | 14 | 0.1 | 17 | 0.1 | 0.7151 |
| Sympathomimetics | 12 | 0.1 | 11 | 0.1 | 0.2655 |
| PG/BB fixed combination | 296 | 2.5 | 425 | 2.4 | 0.8479 |
| CAI/BB fixed combination | 713 | 5.9 | 1212 | 6.9 | 0.0008 |
| Glaucoma drug by generic name | |||||
| PG | |||||
| Isopropyl Unoprostone | 4 | 0.0 | 13 | 0.1 | 0.2165 |
| Isopropyl Unoprostone GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Latanoprost | 917 | 7.6 | 1272 | 7.2 | 0.2309 |
| Latanoprost GE | 152 | 1.3 | 238 | 1.4 | 0.5050 |
| Travoprost | 377 | 3.1 | 550 | 3.1 | 1.0000 |
| Travoprost GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Tafluprost | 367 | 3.0 | 669 | 3.8 | 0.0004 |
| Tafluprost GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Bimatoprost | 1069 | 8.9 | 1274 | 7.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Bimatoprost GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| BB | |||||
| Timolol Maleate | 435 | 3.6 | 761 | 4.3 | 0.0020 |
| Timolol Maleate GE | 52 | 0.4 | 73 | 0.4 | 0,8544 |
| Carteolol Hydrochloride | 217 | 1.8 | 367 | 2.1 | 0.0813 |
| Carteolol Hydrochloride GE | 10 | 0.1 | 12 | 0.1 | 0.6687 |
| Betaxolol Hydrochloride | 2 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.0 | 0.7082 |
| Betaxolol Hydrochloride GE | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 1.0000 |
| CAI | |||||
| Dorzolamide Hydrochloride | 225 | 1.9 | 295 | 1.7 | 0.2243 |
| Dorzolamide Hydrochloride GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Brinzolamide | 686 | 5.7 | 914 | 5.2 | 0.0670 |
| Brinzolamide GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| ROCKI | |||||
| Ripasudil Hydrochloride Hydrate | 694 | 5.8 | 928 | 5.3 | 0.0771 |
| Ripasudil Hydrochloride Hydrate GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| AA | |||||
| Brimonidine Tartrate | 1604 | 13.3 | 2317 | 13.2 | 0.7534 |
| Brimonidine Tartrate GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| AB | |||||
| Bunazosin Hydrochloride | 131 | 1.1 | 141 | 0.8 | 0.0130 |
| Bunazosin Hydrochloride GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| ABB | |||||
| Levobunolol Hydrochloride | 2 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.5705 |
| Levobunolol Hydrochloride GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Nipradilol | 13 | 0.1 | 16 | 0.1 | 0.7067 |
| Nipradilol GE | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 1.0000 |
| Sympathomimetics | |||||
| Dipivefrin Hydrochloride | 12 | 0.1 | 11 | 0.1 | 0.2917 |
| Dipivefrin Hydrochloride GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| PG/BB fixed combination | |||||
| Lat/Tim | 114 | 0.9 | 211 | 1.2 | 0.0409 |
| Lat/Tim GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Lat/Car | 1 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.0 | 0.6560 |
| Lat/Car GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Tra/Tim | 141 | 1.2 | 163 | 0.9 | 0.0459 |
| Tra/Tim GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Taf/Tim | 41 | 0.3 | 51 | 0.3 | 0.4582 |
| Taf/Tim GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| CAI/BB fixed combination | |||||
| Dor/Tim | 1519 | 12.6 | 2327 | 13.3 | 0.1133 |
| Dor/Tim GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Brinzolamide/Tim | 359 | 3.0 | 547 | 3.1 | 0.5364 |
| Brinzolamide/Tim GE | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | NA |
AA α2-agonist, AB α1-blocker, ABB αβ-blocker, BB β-blocker, CAI carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Dor dorzolamide hydrochloride, GE generic, Lat latanoprost, NA not assessed, NTG normal tension glaucoma, OAG open angle glaucoma, PG prostaglandin analog, POAG primary open angle glaucoma, ROCKI rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, SD standard deviation, Taf tafluprost, Tim timolol maleate, Tra travoprost
*Calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test; the remaining P Values were calculated with the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test