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. 2021 Mar 29;21:212. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02135-8

Prevalence and factors related to urinary incontinence in older adults women worldwide: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Sedighe Batmani 1, Rostam Jalali 1, Masoud Mohammadi 1,✉, Shadi Bokaee 2
PMCID: PMC8008630  PMID: 33781236

Abstract

Background

Urinary incontinence is a common condition in the general population and, in particular, the older adults population, which reduces the quality of life of these people, so this study aims to systematically examine and meta-analyse the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women around the world and the related and influential factors.

Methods

This report is a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the findings of research on urinary incontinence in older adults people across the world through looking for MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Sciencedirect, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest and Persian databases, namely iranmedex, magiran, and SID from January 2000 to April 2020, the heterogeneity of the experiments was measured using the I2 index and the data processing was done in the Systematic Meta-Analysis programme.

Results

In 29 studies and the sample size of 518,465 people in the age range of 55–106 years, urinary incontinence in older adults’ women in the world based on a meta-analysis of 37.1% (95% CI: 29.6–45.4%) was obtained. The highest prevalence of urinary incontinence was reported in older adults’ women in Asia with 45.1% (95% CI: 36.9–53.5%). Meta-regression also showed that with increasing the sample size and year of the study, the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in the older adults women of the world decreased and increased, respectively, which were statistically significant differences (P <  0.05). According to studies, the most important factors influencing the incidence of urinary incontinence in older women are women’s age (p <  0.001), obesity (p <  0.001), diabetes (p <  0.001), women’s education (p <  0.001), delivery rank (p <  0.001), hypertension (p <  0.001), smoking (p <  0.001). They also have urinary tract infections (p <  0.001).

Conclusion

Given the high prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women around the world, health policy makers must consider control and diagnostic measures in older women and prioritize treatment and rehabilitation activities.

Keywords: Prevalence, Urinary incontinence, Women, Older adults, Meta-analysis

Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) finds citizens 65 years of age to be older adults and the United Nations deems people with 60 years or above to be older adults [1, 2]. The world’s population is aging rapidly, with 703 million people now over the age of 65, and this number is projected to reach 1.5 billion by 2050 [3]. Urinary incontinence is a common condition in the general population, especially the older adults, which reduces the quality of life so that ten to 20 % of all women and 77% of women living in nursing homes have urinary incontinence [4]. According to the International Association of Urinary Incontinence (ICS), any involuntary leakage of urine is called urinary incontinence (UI) [5].

Urinary incontinence is divided into three categories: stress, urgency and combination. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) refers to the leakage of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure such as exercise and cough, which is due to the poor functional urethra. In connection with the reduction of anatomical support due to trauma, vaginal delivery, obesity and increased intra-abdominal pressure due to chronic constipation, lifting heavy objects and exercise is called urinary excretion with or above the distance after the sensation of excretion, urgent urinary incontinence (UUI) Called; If both urgency and stress are present together, it is called a hybrid type (MUI) [6, 7].

Urinary incontinence has been identified as a World Health Organization health priority [8]. Urinary incontinence has many physical, mental and social effects on women’s lives [9, 10], common mental problems in these people include anxiety and depression [11, 12]. Physical consequences include pressure sores [12], sleep disturbances and decreased sleep quality [13], urinary tract infections [14], falls and fractures, which are the leading causes of death in people over 65 [15].

Urinary incontinence has a great impact on daily and social activities such as work, travel, physical exercise and sexual function [16, 17] and thus reduces the quality of life [18]. Urgent incontinence is more common in nervous system disorders such as Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, and spinal and pelvic nerve damage [19, 20]. Age-related changes in the lower urinary tract include decreased bladder capacity and a feeling of fullness, decreased detrusor muscle contraction rate, decreased pelvic floor muscle strength, and increased residual urine volume [21].

The prevalence of urinary incontinence among older women has been reported in different studies, with an overall prevalence of 14% in US studies [22, 23]. In studies conducted in European countries, the prevalence of urinary incontinence has been estimated at 37% [24, 25]. In studies conducted in different regions of Asia, the prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults was estimated at 13% [26, 27] and in Africa 45.3% [28]. In the study conducted in Middle Eastern countries, the prevalence of urinary incontinence was reported to be 52% [29–31].

In a study conducted in Iran, in a study in northern Iran (2016), one-third of older adults’ women in the city of Babol had urinary incontinence [32], in a study conducted in Yazd (2015) among women over 60 years, the prevalence of urinary incontinence was 62.2% [31]. Given the different prevalence reported and the need for consistent doses for intervention measures, and given that women cannot avoid aging and childbirth, awareness of the risk factors for urinary incontinence should be promoted.

On the other hand, studies in this field provide opaque and different information and the effective factors affecting urinary incontinence in older adults women in different studies report different reporting amounts and heterogeneity. Therefore, this study aims to answer the questions of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women in the world and what are the factors affecting this incontinence?

Methods

Registration number

This study has been registered with the code (IR.KUMS.REC.1399.455), in the deputy of research and technology of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Search method and time domain

This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis and is the result of extracting the findings of studies conducted in this field. First, articles published in domestic and foreign journals were retrieved by searching in databases, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Sciencedirect, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, and Persian databases including iranmedex, magiran and SID in the period January 2000 to April 2020.

The researcher uses the keywords urinary incontinence, women, the older adults, urinary disorders, or similar words in Persian sources and examines English-language databases using the words: Incontinence, women, older adults, urinary disorders, Prevalence, risk factor Urinary.

Also in the google scholar search engine, both words will be done in Persian and English, and the AND, OR and NOT operators will be used in combination for more comprehensive access to all articles, so the OR pragmatist will be used to check common letters about a disorder such as (Urinary incontinence OR Urinary disorders OR Urinary Reflex Incontinence OR Urinary Urge Incontinence), (Older adults OR Aging).

As well as the word AND among the keywords: (Urinary incontinence AND older adults AND Women) will be used through word matching in the MeSH Browser.

Each article was read by two browsers independently and if the article was rejected, the reason for its rejection was mentioned and in case of disagreement between the two browsers, the article was judged by the third browser and the third referee was considered. Prevalence of study disorder based on PRISMA diagram for entering meta-analysis and to manage articles and remove duplicate articles the EndNote software has been used (version X7, for Windows, Thomson Reuters).

Selection criteria and entry and exit criteria

Articles in Persian and English are taken from cross-sectional studies as well as case-control articles, all in the group to select the factors affecting urinary incontinence in older adults’ women had the selection criteria to enter the study. And review articles, articles that do not have access to full text despite the relationship with the author of the article and lack of proper response, as well as articles that are of low quality in the evaluation of quality evaluation were removed from the review list.

Quality assessment and evaluation of the risk of bias

The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) is a quality assessment tool for observational studies that are recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration [21]. The NOS assigns up to a maximum of nine points for the least risk of bias in three domains: 1) selection of study groups (four points); 2) comparability of groups (two points); and 3) ascertainment of exposure and outcomes (three points) for case-control and cohort studies, respectively [21], and 11 scores possible. Eventually, articles were classified as high quality (scoring ≥5 points) or low quality (scoring< 5 points). In this meta-analysis, all the articles that obtained five or more points were included.

Statistical analysis

Data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA version 3). To evaluate the heterogeneity of selected studies, the I2 index test was used. If high heterogeneity is obtained in studies (75% < I2), random effects model will be used for meta-analysis of studies, and if low heterogeneity is obtained (I2 < 25%), the fixed effects model will be used for the analysis of studies [21]. also, to investigate the publication bias and regarding the high volume of samples included in the study, The Begg and Mazumdar test and its corresponding Funnel plot were used at a significance level of 0.1. the meta-regression test was used to investigate the effects of potential factors influencing the heterogeneity of the studies.

Results

Search output

Based on studies on the prevalence and factors related to urinary incontinence in older women and including articles published in domestic and foreign journals and search in Cochrane Library Sciencedirect, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest and Persian databases including iranmedex, magiran and SID and in total searches: 2791 items were found. Then, the articles that had the initial conditions for inclusion in the study, based on the initial reviews by deleting 2522 duplicate articles and deleting 235 articles unrelated to the subject of study and deleting 5 articles during the secondary reviews due to lack of access to abstracts and main articles and low quality of articles (This number of deleted items from articles due to lack of access to the full text of articles and their abstracts due to being old or removed from the site of some journals and also their low quality in quality evaluation, of course, the deleted items due to low quality in the study is very limited.). The article entered the meta-analysis process (Fig. 1) (Table 1).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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The flowchart on the stages of including the studies in the systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA 2009)

Table 1.

Specifications of studies entered the study

Row Author [References] Publication year Area Participants’ Age Sample size Prevalence Quality assessment
1 Ma_gfiret Kaşıkçıa [29] 2015 Turkey ≥65 1094 51.6 Moderate
2 Mary K. Townsend [33] 2017 Mexico ≥60 1289 9.5 Moderate
3 Samreen Khan [30] 2017 India ≥60 149 46.3 Moderate
4 Larissa Pruner Marques [23] 2015 Brazil ≥60 1089 36.3 High
5 E. Moudi [34] 2017 Iran ≥60 590 32.9 High
6 Khanighaleejogh R [35] 2011 Iran 68–84 114 54.2 Moderate
7 David V. Espino [36] 2003 USA ≥65 1589 15 Moderate
8 Stefania Maggi [37] 2001 Italy ≥65 1531 21.6 Moderate
9 Yu Ko [38] 2005 USA ≥65 58,255 27.5 Moderate
10 Jing Ge [39] 2015 China ≥60 627 22.1 High
11 Juliana Schulze Burti [40] 2012 Brazil ≥65 246 50 Moderate
12 Rochani Sumardi [41] 2014 Indonesia ≥60 273 24.2 Moderate
13 Gileard G. Masenga [42] 2019 Tanzania 55–90 274 48.5 Moderate
14 Jennifer M. Wu [43] 2015 USA ≥60 2423 20.6 Moderate
15 Mary K. Townsend [33] 2017 Mexico ≥60 1168 10.3 Moderate
16 Lei Zhang [44] 2014 China ≥60 3753 51.6 Moderate
17 Jarosław Pinkas [45] 2016 Poland 90–106 870 60 High
18 Javier Jerez-Roig [46] 2016 Brazil ≥60 240 40.8 Moderate
19 Renata B. Reigota [47] 2016 Brazil ≥60 379 53.6 Moderate
20 Nazli Sensoy [48] 2013 Turkey ≥60 203 29.3 High
21 J. Marleen Linde [49] 2017 Netherlands ≥60 189 56.6 Moderate
22 Walaa W. Aly [50] 2020 Egypt ≥60 130 80 Moderate
23 Prabhu, Shruti Atul [51] 2013 India ≥60 58 41.1 High
24 Bo Liu [52] 2014 China ≥60 1417 54.2 Moderate
25 Pamela L [53] 2013 Canada ≥65 331,000 14 High
26 Rui Luo [54] 2017 Singapore ≥60 22 59.09 High
27 Catherine A. Matthews [55] 2013 America 62–87 64,396 38 Moderate
28 Lea F. Schumpf [56] 2017 Switzerland ≥65 44,811 54.7 Moderate
29 Olga NTkacheva [57] 2018 Russia ≥65 286 40.2 High
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Review of publication bias and meta-analysis

The heterogeneity of the studies was investigated using the I2 test and based on this test, the amount of heterogeneity (I2 = 99.9%) was obtained and shows high heterogeneity in the included studies, so the random-effects model was used to combine the results of the studies. Also, the results of the study of publication bias in the studies were evaluated due to the high sample size entered in the studies with Begg and Manzumdar test and with a significance level of 0.1, which indicates that the diffusion bias was not significant in the present study (P = 0.252) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Funnel Plot Results of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women worldwide

A review of 29 studies and the sample size of 518,465 people in the age range of 55–106 years, urinary incontinence in the older adults’ women of the world based on a meta-analysis of 37.1% (95% CI: 29.6–45.4%) was obtained. The highest prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women in Egypt with 80% (95% CI:72.2–86%) in 2020 [50] and the lowest prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women in Mexico with 9.5% (95% CI:8–11.2%) was achieved in 2017 [33] (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women worldwide based on a random effects model

In this figure, the prevalence of urinary incontinence is shown based on the random-effects model, in which the black square, the colour of the prevalence, and the length of the line segment on which the square is placed are 95% confidence intervals in each study.

Sensitivity analysis

A sensitivity analysis was perfumed to ensure the stability results, after removing each study results did not change (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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Results of sensitivity analysis

Meta-regression test

To investigate the effects of potential factors influencing the heterogeneity of the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women around the world, meta-regression was used for two factors: sample size and year of study (Figs. 5 and 6). According to Fig. 5, with increasing sample size, the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in the older adults omen of the world decreases (P <  0.05). It was also reported in Fig. 6 that with increasing the year of the study, the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in the older adults women of the world increases (P <  0.05).

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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Meta-regression diagram of the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women worldwide by sample size

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

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Meta-regression diagram of the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women worldwide by year of release

Subgroup analysis by continent

Based on the results of Table 2, the highest prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults women was reported in Asia with 45.1% (95% CI: 36.9–53.5%). The results of this table also report that no diffuse bias was observed in the study by continent, and the study of metallic mercury was also reported in each continent.

Table 2.

Evaluation of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women by different continents

continents Number of articles Sample Size I2 Begg and Mazumdar Test Prevalence % (95% CI) Meta-regression p value
Samples Years
Asia 12 7419 97.1 0.394 45.1 (95% CI: 36.9–53.5) increase decrease < 0.05
Europe 6 48,698 99.1 0.247 43.8 (95% CI: 32.2–56.1) increase increase < 0.05
America 11 462,074 99.9 0.535 25.8 (95% CI: 18.2–35.3) decrease decrease < 0.05
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Effective and related factors in urinary incontinence in older adults’ women

According to a systematic review of studies, various factors affect the incidence of urinary incontinence in older women, the most important of which are the age of women [25, 26, 38, 49, 50, 58–64], obesity based on BMI index [25, 37, 48, 49, 52, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65–67], diabetes [25, 26, 37, 49, 52, 58, 62, 66–68], women’s education [26, 30, 36, 48, 52, 58, 61], delivery rate [23, 37, 59, 60, 62, 67], hypertension [26, 66, 67], smoking [30, 36, 37, 52, 60, 62] as well as urinary tract infections [23, 49, 52]. Based on the results reported in Table 3, all these factors have a significant difference in the incidence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women (p <  0.05).

Table 3.

A systematic review of the factors affecting older adults’ women with urinary incontinence

Author [References] Place of study type of study Risk factors examined p-value
S.A. Eshkoor 2017 [27] Malaysia Case-control Blood Triglycerides 0.015
Albumin 0.026
HDL 0.029
Monounsaturated fat 0.009
Cataract-glaucoma 0.051
Tiredness 0.039
Constipation <  0.001
Gastric-Ulcer Problem <  0.001
Vision-hearing loss 0.010
Joint pain 0.002
Shi LU et al. 2016 [65] China Cross-sectional Age 0.041
BMI 0.027
Menstrual status 0.036
Mode of delivery 0.007
Heart disease 0.02
Dyslipidemia 0.038
Arthritis 0.003
Gynecological disease < 0.001
Chronic pelvic pain < 0.001
Atrophic vaginitis < 0.001
Constipation < 0.001
Fecal incontinence < 0.001
Ralf Suhr et al. 2017 [25] Germany Cross-sectional Musculoskeletal disease 0.002
Stroke 0.035
Cancer 0.003
Dementia < 0.001
Live with barriers 0.129
Living alone 0.143
BMI 0.01
Age 0.06
Female sex 0.007
Respiratory 0.158
Diabetes 0.798
Cardiovascular 0.002
Psychiatric 0.927
Pedersen et al. 2017 [58] Germany and Denmark Analytical descriptive Age < 0.001
BMI 0.001
Diabetes 0.007
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 0.002
Vaginal deliveries < 0.001
Ma_gfiret Kaşıkçı et al. 2015 [36] Turkey Cross-sectional BMI < 0.001
Smoking 0. 047
Constipation < 0.001
Urinary tract infection < 0.001
Chronic diseases < 0.001
Familiar history < 0.001
Complaint of chronic coughing 0. 530
Hormone replacement < 0.001
Genital prolapse < 0.001
Cystocele < 0.001
Urogenital operation < 0.001
Nocturia < 0.001
Kyungjin Sohn et al. 2018 [26] Korea Longitudinal Study Age < 0.001
Education < 0.001
Marital status 0.043
Chronic lung disease 0.034
Cerebrovascular disease ΙΙ 0.002
Social activity 0.007
Arthritis < 0.001
Difficulty in daily living due to visual problems < 0.001
Difficulty in daily living due to hearing problems < 0.001
Experience of fall in the last 2 years 0.017
Psychiatric disease 0.008
Fear of falling < 0.001
Psychiatric disease 0.008
Samreen Khan et al. 2017 [30] India Cross-sectional Years spent in menopause 0.002
parity 0.001
Hysterectomy 0.006
UTI < 0.001
Pelvic organ prolapse 0.031
Sanae Ninomiya et al. 2017 [59] Japan Cross-sectional Age < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
parity 0.009
Mode of delivery < 0.001
Constipation 0.01
Larissa Pruner Marques et al 2015 [23] Brazil Cross-sectional Gender < 0.001
Age < 0.001
Education < 0.001
Physical activity < 0.001
Dependence < 0.001
Cognitive deficiency < 0.001
Depressive symptoms < 0.001
Diabetes < 0.001
Bronchitis or asthma < 0.001
Hypertension < 0.001
Cardiovascular < 0.001
Stroke < 0.001
Nutritional state 0.017
Polypharmacy < 0.001
Self-rated health < 0.001
E. Moudi et al. 2017 [34] Iran Cross-sectional Marital status 0.03
Constipation 0.01
Steroid drug 0.04
David V. Espino et al. 2003 [36] Mexico Cross-sectional Education 0.03
BMI 0.03
Diabetes 0.01
Smoking < 0.001
Impaired activities of daily living 0.03
Age 0.02
Stefania Maggi et al. 2001 [37] Italy Cross-sectional Age < 0.001
Marital status < 0.001
Education < 0.001
Mental Health < 0.001
Depression 0.028
Mobility disability < 0.001
ADL disability < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
Smoking < 0.001
Self-rated health < 0.001
Marit Helen Ebbesen et al. 2013 [60] Norway Cross-sectional Age < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
Self-perceived health status < 0.001
Smoking 0.009
Alcohol 0.016
Parity < 0.001
Diabetes 0.029
Angina 0.021
Heart attack 0.047
Stroke 0.032
Clemens Wehrberger et al. 2012 [68] Austria longitudinal, population-based study Alzheimer 0.073
Jeongok Park et al. 2015 [66] Korea Analytical descriptive Age < 0.001
BMI 0.02
Place of residence 0.003
Self-reported health status < 0.001
Hypertension < 0.001
Stroke < 0.001
Diabetes < 0.001
Asthma < 0.001
Depress < 0.001
Falls < 0.001
Functional ability < 0.001
Physical strength < 0.001
Jing Ge et al. 2015 [39] China Analytical descriptive Age < 0.001
Job < 0.001
Education < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
Income/month 0.014
Smoking 0.023
Physical exercise frequency < 0.001
Menstrual status < 0.001
Pregnancy history < 0.001
Abortion times < 0.001
Parity < 0.001
Age at first delivery < 0.001
Mode of delivery < 0.001
Chronic pelvic pain < 0.001
Respiratory disease < 0.001
Digestive disease < 0.001
Cardiovascular < 0.001
Neurologic disease 0.003
Osteoarticular disease < 0.001
Hyperlipemia < 0.001
Diabetes < 0.001
History of pelvic surgery < 0.001
Gynecological disease < 0.001
Constipation < 0.001
Fecal incontinence < 0.001
Juliana Schulze Burti et 2012 [40] Brazil Cross-sectional Diabetes 0.022
hypertension 0.008
Joshua A. Cohn et al. 2018 [61] USA Cohort Age < 0.001
Education 0.034
Vatche A. Minassian et al. 2020 [62] USA Cohort Age < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
Parity < 0.001
Smoking < 0.001
Physical activity < 0.001
Diabetes < 0.001
History of vascular disease < 0.001
Postmenopausal hormone use < 0.001
Baseline UI severity < 0.001
MáyraCeciliaDellú et al. 2016 [63] Brazil Cross-sectional Pregnancy < 0.001
Post-partum < 0.001
Genital prolapse < 0.001
Stress < 0.001
Depression < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
Javier Jerez-Roig et al. 2016 [46] Brazil Cross-sectional Ethnicity 0.005
Stroke 0.003
Physical activity 0.03
Ramazan Altintas et al. 2013 [67] Turkey Retrospective study Age < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
Parity < 0.001
hypertension 0.008
Diabetes < 0.001
Birth trauma < 0.001
Gynecological surgery < 0.001
Nazli Sensoy et al. 2013 [48] Turkey Cross-sectional Age < 0.001
Marital status < 0.001
Education < 0.001
Job < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
Number of Deliveries < 0.001
Episiotomy < 0.001
Abortion < 0.001
Age at first delivery < 0.001
4 kg baby delivered < 0.001
J. Marleen Linde et al. 2017 [49] Netherlands Cross-sectional Age < 0.001
BMI < 0.001
UTI < 0.001
Nocturia 0.04
Fecal incontinence 0.004
Constipation < 0.001
Diabetes < 0.001
Vaginal hysterectomy < 0.001
Childbirth history < 0.001
Number of deliveries < 0.001
Bo Liu et al. 2014 [52] China Cross-sectional BMI < 0.001
Monthly Income < 0.001
Education < 0.001
Residence < 0.001
Physical activity < 0.001
Labor < 0.001
Physical activity < 0.001
Hyperlipemia < 0.001
Cardiovascular < 0.001
Nervous System Disease < 0.001
Diabetes < 0.001
Nocturia < 0.001
Constipation < 0.001
Alcohol < 0.001
Smoking < 0.001
Prolonged Labor < 0.001
Chronic pelvic pain < 0.001
Marital status < 0.001
Respiratory disease < 0.001
Pregnancy < 0.001
UTI < 0.001
Mode of delivery < 0.001
Walaa W. Aly et al. 2020 [50] Egypt Cross-sectional Praying < 0.001
Social activities < 0.001
Physical recreational activities 0.002
Anxiety < 0.001
Depression/hopelessness < 0.001
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Discussion

Urinary incontinence is a very common condition that usually increases with age in women. Having general information about the prevalence of this disorder and identifying risk factors is useful and even necessary that can play an effective role in improving the quality of life and general health of society [4, 57]. This meta-analysis study was performed on 518,465 older adults women and the prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults women was 37.1%. However, in the study of the prevalence of incontinence in older adults women by continents, the highest prevalence of urinary incontinence was reported in older adults women in Asia with 45.1%.

In a study conducted in Egypt (2020), the prevalence of incontinence among older women was 80% [50]. In the study of Summer Khan et al. in India (2018) the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 46.3% [30], in a study in Russia (2018) the prevalence of incontinence in older adults women was 40.2 [57].

In a study conducted in Iran (2017), it was reported that one-third of older women (33%) have urinary incontinence [34]. In another study conducted in Iran as a systematic review and meta-analysis (2018), the overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in women was estimated at 46% [64].

Based on the results, the highest prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women was reported in Asia with 45.1% and the lowest prevalence of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women was reported in America with 25.8%, By observing the prevalence in different regions, it can be concluded that the prevalence of urinary incontinence in different populations is completely different, which can be due to differences in culture or tools and methods of study.

It can also show the effect of ethnoreligious factor on the insignificance of urinary incontinence in older adults’ women in Asian countries, this issue has been stated and reported in the study of Touhidi Nezhad and et al. this study is about rectovaginal fistula and explains the importance and says that The rectovaginal fistula is a complex and multifaceted problem with social, individual, familial, religious, and ethnic-environmental dimensions [69], this can embarrass Asian women and hide and increase the prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women.

The high prevalence obtained in this study shows the need to investigate and follow up this condition, due to the significant impact of this disorder on depression and quality of life of older adults’ women, requires special attention and screening for urinary incontinence in treatment and care programs in the country. Various studies have mentioned various factors in the incidence of urinary incontinence in women, such as age, menopause, delivery and number of deliveries, obesity, and diabetes are among the most important of these factors [25, 70].

Age is one of the important factors in the prevalence of urinary incontinence. Changes related to aging in the lower urinary system include: decreased bladder capacity and feeling of fullness, decreased rate of detrusor muscle contraction, decreased pelvic floor muscle resistance and increased residual urine volume [21].

In a study by Marland Lind et al. in the Netherlands and a study by Nazli et al. in Turkey, aging was one of the most influential factors in urinary incontinence [48, 49], while in a study in Brazil [46] In Iranian older adults women, no relationship was observed between urinary incontinence and aging [34]. Menopause, with a decrease in estrogen and a decrease in collagen, reduces the elasticity of the detrusor muscle of the ductus arteriosus and atrophic changes in the pelvic floor muscles and increases urinary incontinence in women [71].

In the study conducted in Turkey, menopause is one of the most important factors influencing female incontinence [48], while in the study of Aquarius et al. in Brazil, no significant relationship was reported between menopause and the increased prevalence of urinary incontinence [72]. Urinary incontinence is higher in women with more deliveries and vaginal deliveries. These two factors seem to be one of the most important risk factors for urinary incontinence in women [73]. In the study conducted among Chinese women, there is a type of delivery and the possibility of urinary incontinence [52], also in the study of Marland Lind et al. there was a significant relationship between delivery history, number and type of delivery with increased urinary incontinence [49]. However, in a study in India, no association was found between childbirth and urinary incontinence [30].

Obesity is an exacerbating condition of urinary incontinence, which can be caused by the accumulation of excess weight on the urinary tract during life [22]. Many studies have shown an association between obesity and increased urinary incontinence. In a study by Ninomia et al. in Japan [59] and a study by Hong et al. in the United States [74], a significant relationship was found between weight gain and increased incidence of urinary incontinence.

Also, the level of education is considered as one of the components of individual and social development and its role in personal health and also a factor in increasing the quality of life [9]. In his study by Espanyo et al. in Mexico and the United States [36] and in the study by Marcos et al. in Brazil [23], increasing the level of education was reported to be an important factor in reducing the incidence of urinary incontinence. No urinary incontinence was reported between education levels [66].

Diabetes can cause UI by several mechanisms, hyperglycaemia causes increased urine volume and increased activity of the bladder muscle, and ultimately causes dysfunction of this muscle. Diabetic cytopathic and bladder nerve damage are other effective complications [75]. In a study by Absen et al. in Norway, it was reported that there was a significant association between diabetes and urinary incontinence [60], while a German study found no association between diabetes and urinary incontinence [25].

Chronic respiratory diseases are associated with symptoms such as a cough that can cause urinary incontinence [76]. In a study based on the population of Jinge Ge et al. in China, a significant relationship was reported between lung disease and incidence [39]. However, in the study of Ralph Souher et al. in Germany [4] and the study of Sohan et al. in Korea [26], no significant relationship was observed between urinary incontinence and respiratory disease.

Nervous system disorders are seen as an important factor in the prevalence of urgent incontinence [19, 20]. There were mental illnesses, cancer and conditions such as living alone [25]. A study by Kasik et al. in Turkey also reported obesity, smoking, a history of constipation, UTI, family history, chronic illness, chronic cough, a history of hormone therapy, genital prolapse, a history of urology, and a history of communication impairment. Have significance with incontinence [46].

In a promising study by colleagues in Iran, it was reported that urinary incontinence is directly and significantly related to factors such as marital status, constipation, and corticosteroid medications, while urinary incontinence is associated with factors such as age, obesity, education, number of children, diabetes, hypertension, and Respiratory disorders were not associated [34].

In a 2016 study by Aquarius et al. in Brazil, the factors that increased urinary incontinence in women included: number of pregnancies, deliveries, genital prolapse, anxiety, depression, and obesity [72]. In a study by Marcos et al. in Brazil, there was a significant relationship between age, education, physical activity, dependence, cognitive problems, symptoms of anomia, bronchitis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, stroke and ischemia, nutritional status, polypharmacy, self-Urinary incontinence was reported [23].

Given the above, it is necessary for physicians and specialists to consider adults’ women in the age group of 55 to 106 years according to the criteria recommended by the International Continence Society (ICS) and to standardize the criteria so that diagnostic and treatment strategies are more effective.

Limitations

The most important limitations of the present study are the high heterogeneity of studies, which can be due to sampling size, age groups, geographical areas, races, and other different factors in the studies, which can be controversial in the study.

Conclusion

Given the high prevalence of urinary incontinence in older women around the world, health policy makers must considerand diagnostic measures in older women and prioritize treatment and rehabilitation activities.

Acknowledgements

We hereby express our gratitude and appreciation to the school of nursing and midwifery of Kermanshah university of medical sciences.

Abbreviations

WHO

World Health Organization

ICS

International Association of Urinary Incontinence

UI

urinary incontinence

SUI

Stress urinary incontinence

UUI

Urgent urinary incontinence

NOS

The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale

SID

Scientific information database

PRISMA

Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis

STROBE

Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology for cross- sectional study

Authors’ contributions

RJ and SB1 and MM contributed to the design, MM statistical analysis, participated in most of the study steps. SB1 and MM prepared the manuscript. SB1 and RJ and SB2 assisted in designing the study, and helped in the, interpretation of the study. All authors have read and approved the content of the manuscript.

Funding

Funding for this research was provided by the deputy of research and technology –Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, (990423), the deputy of research and technology –Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

Datasets are available through the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was recorded in the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of medical sciences with the ethics code of (IR.KUMS.REC.1399.455).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Sedighe Batmani, Email: sedighe.batmani72@gmail.com.

Rostam Jalali, Email: ks_jalali@yahoo.com.

Masoud Mohammadi, Email: masoud.mohammadi1989@yahoo.com.

Shadi Bokaee, Email: ac4423@coventry.ac.uk.

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Datasets are available through the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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