Table 3.

A systematic review of the factors affecting older adults’ women with urinary incontinence

Author [References]	Place of study	type of study	Risk factors examined	p-value
S.A. Eshkoor 2017 [27]	Malaysia	Case-control	Blood Triglycerides	0.015
			Albumin	0.026
			HDL	0.029
			Monounsaturated fat	0.009
			Cataract-glaucoma	0.051
			Tiredness	0.039
			Constipation	<  0.001
			Gastric-Ulcer Problem	<  0.001
			Vision-hearing loss	0.010
			Joint pain	0.002
Shi LU et al. 2016 [65]	China	Cross-sectional	Age	0.041
			BMI	0.027
			Menstrual status	0.036
			Mode of delivery	0.007
			Heart disease	0.02
			Dyslipidemia	0.038
			Arthritis	0.003
			Gynecological disease	< 0.001
			Chronic pelvic pain	< 0.001
			Atrophic vaginitis	< 0.001
			Constipation	< 0.001
			Fecal incontinence	< 0.001
Ralf Suhr et al. 2017 [25]	Germany	Cross-sectional	Musculoskeletal disease	0.002
			Stroke	0.035
			Cancer	0.003
			Dementia	< 0.001
			Live with barriers	0.129
			Living alone	0.143
			BMI	0.01
			Age	0.06
			Female sex	0.007
			Respiratory	0.158
			Diabetes	0.798
			Cardiovascular	0.002
			Psychiatric	0.927
Pedersen et al. 2017 [58]	Germany and Denmark	Analytical descriptive	Age	< 0.001
			BMI	0.001
			Diabetes	0.007
			Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	0.002
			Vaginal deliveries	< 0.001
Ma_gfiret Kaşıkçı et al. 2015 [36]	Turkey	Cross-sectional	BMI	< 0.001
			Smoking	0. 047
			Constipation	< 0.001
			Urinary tract infection	< 0.001
			Chronic diseases	< 0.001
			Familiar history	< 0.001
			Complaint of chronic coughing	0. 530
			Hormone replacement	< 0.001
			Genital prolapse	< 0.001
			Cystocele	< 0.001
			Urogenital operation	< 0.001
			Nocturia	< 0.001
Kyungjin Sohn et al. 2018 [26]	Korea	Longitudinal Study	Age	< 0.001
			Education	< 0.001
			Marital status	0.043
			Chronic lung disease	0.034
			Cerebrovascular disease ΙΙ	0.002
			Social activity	0.007
			Arthritis	< 0.001
			Difficulty in daily living due to visual problems	< 0.001
			Difficulty in daily living due to hearing problems	< 0.001
			Experience of fall in the last 2 years	0.017
			Psychiatric disease	0.008
			Fear of falling	< 0.001
			Psychiatric disease	0.008
Samreen Khan et al. 2017 [30]	India	Cross-sectional	Years spent in menopause	0.002
			parity	0.001
			Hysterectomy	0.006
			UTI	< 0.001
			Pelvic organ prolapse	0.031
Sanae Ninomiya et al. 2017 [59]	Japan	Cross-sectional	Age	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			parity	0.009
			Mode of delivery	< 0.001
			Constipation	0.01
Larissa Pruner Marques et al 2015 [23]	Brazil	Cross-sectional	Gender	< 0.001
			Age	< 0.001
			Education	< 0.001
			Physical activity	< 0.001
			Dependence	< 0.001
			Cognitive deficiency	< 0.001
			Depressive symptoms	< 0.001
			Diabetes	< 0.001
			Bronchitis or asthma	< 0.001
			Hypertension	< 0.001
			Cardiovascular	< 0.001
			Stroke	< 0.001
			Nutritional state	0.017
			Polypharmacy	< 0.001
			Self-rated health	< 0.001
E. Moudi et al. 2017 [34]	Iran	Cross-sectional	Marital status	0.03
			Constipation	0.01
			Steroid drug	0.04
David V. Espino et al. 2003 [36]	Mexico	Cross-sectional	Education	0.03
			BMI	0.03
			Diabetes	0.01
			Smoking	< 0.001
			Impaired activities of daily living	0.03
			Age	0.02
Stefania Maggi et al. 2001 [37]	Italy	Cross-sectional	Age	< 0.001
			Marital status	< 0.001
			Education	< 0.001
			Mental Health	< 0.001
			Depression	0.028
			Mobility disability	< 0.001
			ADL disability	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			Smoking	< 0.001
			Self-rated health	< 0.001
Marit Helen Ebbesen et al. 2013 [60]	Norway	Cross-sectional	Age	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			Self-perceived health status	< 0.001
			Smoking	0.009
			Alcohol	0.016
			Parity	< 0.001
			Diabetes	0.029
			Angina	0.021
			Heart attack	0.047
			Stroke	0.032
Clemens Wehrberger et al. 2012 [68]	Austria	longitudinal, population-based study	Alzheimer	0.073
Jeongok Park et al. 2015 [66]	Korea	Analytical descriptive	Age	< 0.001
			BMI	0.02
			Place of residence	0.003
			Self-reported health status	< 0.001
			Hypertension	< 0.001
			Stroke	< 0.001
			Diabetes	< 0.001
			Asthma	< 0.001
			Depress	< 0.001
			Falls	< 0.001
			Functional ability	< 0.001
			Physical strength	< 0.001
Jing Ge et al. 2015 [39]	China	Analytical descriptive	Age	< 0.001
			Job	< 0.001
			Education	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			Income/month	0.014
			Smoking	0.023
			Physical exercise frequency	< 0.001
			Menstrual status	< 0.001
			Pregnancy history	< 0.001
			Abortion times	< 0.001
			Parity	< 0.001
			Age at first delivery	< 0.001
			Mode of delivery	< 0.001
			Chronic pelvic pain	< 0.001
			Respiratory disease	< 0.001
			Digestive disease	< 0.001
			Cardiovascular	< 0.001
			Neurologic disease	0.003
			Osteoarticular disease	< 0.001
			Hyperlipemia	< 0.001
			Diabetes	< 0.001
			History of pelvic surgery	< 0.001
			Gynecological disease	< 0.001
			Constipation	< 0.001
			Fecal incontinence	< 0.001
Juliana Schulze Burti et 2012 [40]	Brazil	Cross-sectional	Diabetes	0.022
			hypertension	0.008
Joshua A. Cohn et al. 2018 [61]	USA	Cohort	Age	< 0.001
			Education	0.034
Vatche A. Minassian et al. 2020 [62]	USA	Cohort	Age	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			Parity	< 0.001
			Smoking	< 0.001
			Physical activity	< 0.001
			Diabetes	< 0.001
			History of vascular disease	< 0.001
			Postmenopausal hormone use	< 0.001
			Baseline UI severity	< 0.001
MáyraCeciliaDellú et al. 2016 [63]	Brazil	Cross-sectional	Pregnancy	< 0.001
			Post-partum	< 0.001
			Genital prolapse	< 0.001
			Stress	< 0.001
			Depression	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
Javier Jerez-Roig et al. 2016 [46]	Brazil	Cross-sectional	Ethnicity	0.005
			Stroke	0.003
			Physical activity	0.03
Ramazan Altintas et al. 2013 [67]	Turkey	Retrospective study	Age	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			Parity	< 0.001
			hypertension	0.008
			Diabetes	< 0.001
			Birth trauma	< 0.001
			Gynecological surgery	< 0.001
Nazli Sensoy et al. 2013 [48]	Turkey	Cross-sectional	Age	< 0.001
			Marital status	< 0.001
			Education	< 0.001
			Job	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			Number of Deliveries	< 0.001
			Episiotomy	< 0.001
			Abortion	< 0.001
			Age at first delivery	< 0.001
			4 kg baby delivered	< 0.001
J. Marleen Linde et al. 2017 [49]	Netherlands	Cross-sectional	Age	< 0.001
			BMI	< 0.001
			UTI	< 0.001
			Nocturia	0.04
			Fecal incontinence	0.004
			Constipation	< 0.001
			Diabetes	< 0.001
			Vaginal hysterectomy	< 0.001
			Childbirth history	< 0.001
			Number of deliveries	< 0.001
Bo Liu et al. 2014 [52]	China	Cross-sectional	BMI	< 0.001
			Monthly Income	< 0.001
			Education	< 0.001
			Residence	< 0.001
			Physical activity	< 0.001
			Labor	< 0.001
			Physical activity	< 0.001
			Hyperlipemia	< 0.001
			Cardiovascular	< 0.001
			Nervous System Disease	< 0.001
			Diabetes	< 0.001
			Nocturia	< 0.001
			Constipation	< 0.001
			Alcohol	< 0.001
			Smoking	< 0.001
			Prolonged Labor	< 0.001
			Chronic pelvic pain	< 0.001
			Marital status	< 0.001
			Respiratory disease	< 0.001
			Pregnancy	< 0.001
			UTI	< 0.001
			Mode of delivery	< 0.001
Walaa W. Aly et al. 2020 [50]	Egypt	Cross-sectional	Praying	< 0.001
			Social activities	< 0.001
			Physical recreational activities	0.002
			Anxiety	< 0.001
			Depression/hopelessness	< 0.001