Table 2.
Comparisons the average score of pain and physical function among the three groups in different time points (n = 128)
| Primary outcomes | BL | 3rd MFU | 6th MFU | Between groups (QSE vs. BDJ vs. CE) | Time × Group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL | 3rd MFU | 6th MFU | |||||||||
| (Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | F | P-value | F | P-value | F | P-value | F | P-value† | |
| WOMAC-pain | 0.045 | 0.956 | 2.875 | 0.060 | 9.071 | < 0.001 | 28.888 | < 0.001 | |||
| QSE(n = 43) | 6.91 ± 2.42 | 5.47 ± 2.20 | 5.53 ± 2.49 | ||||||||
| BDJ(n = 41) | 6.76 ± 2.42 | 5.71 ± 2.10 | 5.46 ± 2.25 | ||||||||
| CE(n = 44) | 6.86 ± 2.24 | 4.66 ± 2.08 | 3.68 ± 2.13 | ||||||||
| WOMAC-physical function | −0.061 | 0.941 | 2.746 | 0.068 | 5.440 | 0.005 | 26.646 | < 0.001 | |||
| QSE(n = 43) | 18.91 ± 5.35 | 16.74 ± 5.07 | 16.88 ± 6.49 | ||||||||
| BDJ(n = 41) | 18.76 ± 5.06 | 16.32 ± 5.05 | 16.00 ± 6.45 | ||||||||
| CE(n = 44) | 19.14 ± 4.77 | 14.41 ± 4.72 | 12.59 ± 6.27 | ||||||||
† The repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the time by group interaction effects across the 3 time points of the study
WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index, pain (0–20), physical function (0–68), QSE Quadriceps strengthening exercise, BDJ Baduanjin qigong, CE The combined exercise of quadriceps strengthening exercise and Baduanjin qigong, BL Baseline, MFU Month of follow-up, SD Standard deviation; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant