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. 2021 Mar 29;9:78. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01017-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Three candidate families of Caudovirales phages discovered in human gut metagenomes. a Phylogenetic tree of the large terminase subunit encoded by Caudovirales phage genomes in GenBank (n = 3931) and in gut metagenomes (n = 1298). Branches are colored according to the current ICTV families, except for the Myoviridae, Podoviridae, or Siphoviridae, which are in orange. The outermost ring indicates the location of candidate families proposed in this study: 1, “Quimbyviridae” phages; 2, “Flandersviridae” phages; 3, “Gratiaviridae” phages (see main text). b Gene sharing network of the Urovicota phages. Phage genomes identified in human gut metagenomes (blue nodes) were compared to phages in the GenBank database (colored as in Figure 1, with the addition of the crAss-like phages in brown and the new Caudovirales families proposed in this study in black). c Abundance of phages across human gut viromes. The x-axis depicts the fractional abundance of a given phage averaged across all viromes (n = 1241); the y-axis is the fraction of viromes that a given phage recruits at least one read. Each phage genome (n = 7888 total) is colored at the taxonomic level of order (c) or family (Uroviricota families only) (d)