Table 1.
Longitudinal echocardiographic and serological biomarker assessment
| Echocardiographic parameter | Baseline (n = 79) | 3 Months (n = 79) | P value |
| Left heart: | |||
| LV size: | |||
| Normal, n (%) | 76 (96) | 77 (97) | 1.00 |
| Dilated, n (%) | 3 (4) | 2 (3) | |
| LV end-diastolic dimension, mean ± SD, mm | 45 ± 7 | 46 ± 7 | .17 |
| LV end-systolic dimension, mean ± SD, mm | 31 ± 6 | 31 ± 7 | .81 |
| Eccentricity index, D1/D2, mean ± SD | — | 0.94 ± 0.10 | — |
| LV systolic function, n (%): | |||
| Normal | 69 (87) | 72 (91) | .69 |
| Mildly impaired | 5 (6) | 6 (8) | |
| Moderately impaired | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Severely impaired | 3 (4) | 1 (1) | |
| LV ejection fraction, median (IQR), % | 60 (56-65) | 60 (57-63) | .08 |
| Right heart: | |||
| RV size, n (%): | |||
| Normal | 48 (61) | 72 (91) | <.001 |
| Dilated | 31 (39) | 7 (9) | |
| RV basal diameter, mean ± SD, mm | 39 ± 7 | 36 ± 5 | .006 |
| RV to LV basal dimension ratio, mean ± SD | 0.84 ± 0.19 | 0.80 ± 0.12 | .44 |
| RV to LV basal dimension ratio > 1.0, n (%) | 19 (24) | 8 (10) | .035 |
| RV systolic function | |||
| FAC, mean ± SD, % | 40 ± 10 | 46 ± 10 | .001 |
| TAPSE, mean ± SD, mm | 20 ± 5 | 20 ± 6 | .75 |
| RV S’, cm/sec | — | 14.3 ± 2.9 | — |
| RV systolic function (TAPSE < 17 mm or FAC < 35%): | |||
| Normal, n (%) | 58 (73) | 68 (86) | .048 |
| Abnormal, n (%) | 21 (27) | 11 (14) | |
| FAC < 35%, n (%) | 21 (27) | 7 (9) | .004 |
| TAPSE < 17 mm, n (%) | 9 (11) | 11 (14) | .63 |
| RV S’ < 9.5 cm/sec, n (%) | — | 2 (3) | — |
| RVOT acceleration time, mean ± SD, msec | — | 109 ± 27 | — |
| IVC size, mean ± SD, mm | 20 ± 3 | 17 ± 3 | .031 |
| Right atrial area, mean ± SD, cm2 | 15 ± 5 | 14 ± 4 | .32 |
| Main pulmonary artery diameter, mean ± SD, mm | 20 ± 7 | 21 ± 9 | .80 |
| Pulmonary hypertension, n (%): | |||
| Low probability | 12 (15) | 57 (72) | .002 |
| Intermediate probability | 5 (6) | 4 (5) | |
| High probability | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | |
| Unable to estimate∗ | 59 (49) | 18 (22) | <.001 |
| Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity, mean ± SD† | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | .34 |
| Pericardial effusion, n (%) | 4 (5) | 3 (4) | 1.00 |
| Serum biomarker | Baseline (n = 45) | 3 Months (n = 45) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| HScTn, median (IQR), ng/L | 27 (9-129) | 2 (0-5) | <.001 |
| HScTn above the 99% percentile, n (%) | 27 (60) | 0 (0) | <.001 |
| HScTn ≥ 5 ng/L, n (%) | 44 (98) | 11 (24) | <.001 |
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), ng/L | — | 76 (20-246) | — |
| NT-proBNP > 450 ng/L, n (%) | — | 8 (18) | — |
| D-dimer, peak admission, median (IQR), ng/mL | 7,321 (4,900-12,400) | 293 (175-700) | <.001 |
| D-dimer > 500 ng/mL fibrinogen equivalent units | 39 (87) | 9 (20) | <.001 |
FAC, Fractional area change; IVC, inferior vena cava; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; RVOT, RV outflow tract; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
The normality of distribution for continuous variables was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous data were analyzed using an independent samples Student's t test if normally distributed or a Mann-Whitney U test for if not normally distributed. Categorical data were analyzed using χ2 or, where appropriate, Fisher's exact tests.
Due to an incomplete tricuspid regurgitation continuous-wave Doppler signal.
There were 18 patients with baseline and follow-up measurable tricuspid regurgitation continuous-wave Doppler signal.