Table 1.

Summary of negative diagnostic tests that were done in our patient to rule out autoimmune, infectious, and paraneoplastic etiologies of encephalitis. Positive tests included: B. burgdorferi serum IgM and IgG, B. burgdorferi PCR in CSF (Mayo Medical Laboratories), and CSF IgM and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) against POWV (CDC, Arboviral Disease Branch, Fort Collins, CO, USA).

Tests done on serum

Tests done on CSF

A. phagocytophilum Ab and PCR E. chaffeensis Ab and PCR B. dermatitidis Ab M. pneumoniae Ab C. neoformans Ag QuantiFERON TB GOLD RPR West nile virus PCR CMV Ab EBV Ab HIV Ab HBV Ab HCV Ab ANA RF SSA Ab SSB Ab

HSV-1 PCR HSV-2 PCR VZV PCR EBV PCR CMV PCR Enterovirus PCR Human parechovirus PCR Human herpesvirus 6 PCR Adenovirus PCR Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii PCR St. Louis Encephalitis IgM and IgG Ab Calif (LaCrosse) Encephalitis Virus IgM and IgG West Equine Encephalitis Virus IgM and IgG Ab Anti-ANNA-1 (anti-Hu) Ab Anti-ANNA-2 (anti-Ri) Ab Anti-ANNA 3 Ab AGNA (Sox 1) Ab Amphiphysin Ab IgG Anti-PCI-1 Ab (anti-Yo) Ab Anti-PCI-Tr Ab Anti-PCI-2 Ab Antibodies to Ta Ab GAD-65 Ab Anti-VGKC Ab NMO Ab AQP-4 Ab

Ag – antigen; AGNA – anti-glial/neuronal antibody; Ab – antibody; ANA – anti-nuclear antibody; ANNA – anti-neuronal nuclear antibody; AQP-4 – aquaporin-4; CMV – cytomegalovirus; EBV – Ebstein Barr virus; HBV – hepatitis B virus; HCV – hepatitis C virus; GAD – glutamic acid decarboxylase; HIV – human immunodeficiency virus; HSV – herpes simplex virus; NMO – neuromyelitis optica; PCR –polymerase chain reaction; RPR – rapid plasma regain; RF – Rheumatoid factor; SSA – anti-Sjogren’s syndrome A; SSB – anti-Sjogren’s syndrome B; VZV – Varicella zoster virus; VGKC – voltage gated potassium channel; PCA – Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody.