Table 1.
Bivariate and multivariate analysis of willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials (N = 1912).
| Not willing |
Willing |
Logistic Regression |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous Variables | M (SD) | M (SD) | t | p | aOR | 95%CI | p |
| Age | 20.43 (2.31) | 20.35 (1.97) | 0.78 | 0.434 | |||
| COVID-19 prosocial behaviors | 26.12 (5.71) | 27.03 (5.53) | −3.40 | <0.001*** | 1.19 | [1.07, 1.33] | 0.002** |
| Perceived COVID-19 societal stigma | 12.53 (4.16) | 11.66 (3.84) | 4.01 | <0.001*** | 0.86 | [0.78, 0.95] | 0.002** |
| Public health mistrust | 6.72 (2.43) | 6.30 (2.43) | 3.55 | <0.001*** | 0.95 | [0.85, 1.06] | 0.331 |
| Categorical Variables | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | p | |||
| Socioeconomic status | 10.43 | 0.001** | |||||
| Average or higher than average | 478 (38.64) | 759 (61.36) | ref | ||||
| Lower than average | 210 (31.11) | 465 (68.89) | 1.49 | [1.21, 1.83] | <0.001*** | ||
| Gender | 4.98 | 0.026* | |||||
| Male | 230 (39.79) | 348 (60.21) | ref | ||||
| Female | 458 (34.33) | 876 (65.67) | 1.27 | [1.03, 1.57] | 0.021* | ||
| Residence | 2.99 | 0.084 | |||||
| Non-Hubei | 679 (36.29) | 1192 (63.71) | |||||
| Hubei | 9 (21.95) | 32 (78.05) | |||||
| Perceived COVID-19 infection likelihood during the pandemic | 10.32 | 0.001** | |||||
| Not likely | 577 (37.79) | 950 (62.21) | ref | ||||
| Likely | 111 (28.83) | 274 (71.17) | 1.48 | [1.15, 1.91] | 0.002** | ||
| Reasons for hesitancy | |||||||
| Physical harm concerns | 15.28 | 0.009** | |||||
| None | 40 (30.77) | 90 (69.23) | ref | ||||
| 1 endorsement (yes/not sure) | 19 (23.17) | 63 (76.83) | 1.91 | [0.97, 3.87] | 0.066 | ||
| 2 endorsements | 28 (27.45) | 74 (72.55) | 1.57 | [0.83, 2.99] | 0.167 | ||
| 3 endorsements | 61 (39.61) | 93 (60.39) | 0.97 | [0.54, 1.74] | 0.929 | ||
| 4 endorsements | 57 (32.02) | 121 (67.98) | 1.45 | [0.80, 2.61] | 0.217 | ||
| 5 endorsements | 483 (38.15) | 783 (61.85) | 1.31 | [0.75, 2.26] | 0.335 | ||
| Social harm concerns | 11.82 | 0.003** | |||||
| None | 184 (30.82) | 413 (69.18) | ref | ||||
| 1 endorsement (yes/not sure) | 57 (33.73) | 112 (66.27) | 1.04 | [0.70, 1.54] | 0.857 | ||
| 2 endorsements | 447 (39.01) | 699 (60.99) | 1.05 | [0.78, 1.42] | 0.750 | ||
| Other concerns: | |||||||
| My family may not want me to take part | 8.61 | 0.003** | |||||
| No | 70 (27.56) | 184 (72.44) | ref | ||||
| Yes/not sure | 618 (37.27) | 1040 (62.73) | 1.21 | [0.79, 1.83] | 0.382 | ||
| Having to sign informed consent documents | 48.27 | <0.001*** | |||||
| No | 134 (24.01) | 424 (75.99) | ref | ||||
| Yes/not sure | 554 (40.92) | 800 (59.08) | 0.55 | [0.40, 0.75] | <0.001*** | ||
| Time necessary to be in a medical study | 42.97 | <0.001*** | |||||
| No | 118 (23.74) | 379 (76.26) | ref | ||||
| Yes/not sure | 570 (40.28) | 845 (59.72) | 0.60 | [0.43, 0.83] | 0.002** | ||
Note. Socioeconomic status (0 = average or higher than average; 1 = lower than average), gender (0 = male; 1 = female), residence (0 = non-Hubei; 1 = Hubei), and perceived COVID-19 infection likelihood during the pandemic (0 = not likely; 1 = likely) were dummy coded.