Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the participants
| Characteristic | Total (n = 172,970) | Male (n = 58,981) | Female (n = 113,989) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 53.09 ± 8.37 | 53.97 ± 8.81 | 52.63 ± 8.09 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.94 ± 2.91 | 24.39 ± 2.75 | 23.70 ± 2.96 | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| No | 87,166 (50.8) | 11,870 (20.3) | 75,296 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
| Past | 68,69 (4.0) | 4,387 (7.5) | 2,482 (2.2) | |
| Current | 77,509 (45.2) | 42,346 (72.3) | 35,163 (31.1) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | 125,022 (72.9) | 16,380 (28.0) | 10,8642 (96.3) | < 0.001 |
| Past | 25,084 (14.6) | 23,594 (40.3) | 1,490 (1.3) | |
| Current | 21,277 (12.4) | 18,608 (31.8) | 2,669 (2.4) | |
| Hypertension | 33,384 (19.4) | 13,193 (22.5) | 20,191 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11,479 (6.7) | 5,464 (9.3) | 6,015 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
| Gout without medication | 517 (0.5) | 403 (1.1) | 114 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 4,298 (2.5) | 2,108 (3.6) | 2,190 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular event | 2,102 (1.2) | 1,049 (1.8) | 1,053 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
| Thyroid disease | 8,046 (4.7) | 783 (1.3) | 7,263 (6.4) | < 0.001 |
| Malignancy | 5,256 (3.1) | 1,305 (2.2) | 3,951 (3.5) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, MDRD eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3,766 (2.2) | 1,538 (2.6) | 2,228 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, CKD-EPI < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3,562 (2.1) | 1,606 (2.7) | 1,956 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid | 4.72 ± 1.29 | 5.71 ± 1.27 | 4.21 ± 0.96 | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPI, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration.