Table 2. Results of multivariable modified Poisson regression analysis to estimate the prevalence ratios for overall periodontal disease and periodontal disease under treatment.
| Overall periodontal disease | Periodontal disease under treatment | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | 95%CI | PR | 95%CI | |||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never user | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Former user | 1.56 | 1.35 | – | 1.80 | 1.85 | 1.48 | – | 2.30 |
| Current user | ||||||||
| Combustible cigarette use | 1.29 | 1.03 | – | 1.62 | 1.77 | 1.27 | – | 2.46 |
| HTP use | 1.43 | 1.08 | – | 1.88 | 1.82 | 1.21 | – | 2.74 |
| Combined use | 1.55 | 1.20 | – | 1.99 | 1.82 | 1.26 | – | 2.63 |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 0.63 | 0.47 | – | 0.84 | 0.63 | 0.39 | – | 1.03 |
| 25–34 | 0.62 | 0.46 | – | 0.84 | 0.65 | 0.41 | – | 1.05 |
| 35–44 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| 45–54 | 1.51 | 1.25 | – | 1.82 | 1.30 | 0.96 | – | 1.76 |
| 55–64 | 2.12 | 1.77 | – | 2.55 | 2.16 | 1.64 | – | 2.84 |
| 65–74 | 1.81 | 1.47 | – | 2.22 | 1.73 | 1.28 | – | 2.33 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Female | 1.17 | 1.03 | – | 1.33 | 1.21 | 0.99 | – | 1.47 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| ≤ 18.4 | 1.02 | 0.85 | – | 1.22 | 0.75 | 0.54 | – | 1.03 |
| 18.5–24.9 | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| 25.0–29.9 | 0.98 | 0.86 | – | 1.12 | 1.10 | 0.90 | – | 1.34 |
| ≥ 30.0 | 1.21 | 0.96 | – | 1.52 | 1.61 | 1.16 | – | 2.25 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Married | 1.14 | 0.98 | 1.32 | 1.40 | 1.10 | 1.79 | ||
| Widowed/divorced | 1.19 | 0.97 | 1.45 | 1.50 | 1.09 | 2.08 | ||
| 30-day alcohol use | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.07 | 0.95 | – | 1.19 | 0.94 | 0.79 | – | 1.11 |
| Income (USD /year) | ||||||||
| ≤ 9,999 | 1.26 | 0.95 | – | 1.66 | 1.59 | 1.06 | – | 2.38 |
| 10,000–39,999 | 1.12 | 0.98 | – | 1.28 | 1.15 | 0.94 | – | 1.40 |
| 40,000–79,999 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| 80,000–119,999 | 0.81 | 0.68 | – | 0.95 | 0.67 | 0.52 | – | 0.88 |
| ≥ 120,000 | 0.78 | 0.63 | – | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.59 | – | 1.09 |
| Secret | 0.80 | 0.68 | – | 0.94 | 0.71 | 0.55 | – | 0.92 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 1.33 | 1.02 | – | 1.73 | 0.93 | 0.56 | – | 1.55 |
| High school graduate | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| College or associate’s degree | 0.80 | 0.69 | – | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.70 | – | 1.09 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.86 | 0.76 | – | 0.97 | 0.84 | 0.69 | – | 1.02 |
| Master’s or doctoral degree | 0.80 | 0.61 | – | 1.05 | 0.83 | 0.55 | – | 1.25 |
| Routine dental checkup | ||||||||
| Absent | (Reference) | (Reference) | ||||||
| Present | 1.51 | 1.35 | – | 1.68 | 6.22 | 4.85 | – | 7.98 |
| Use of other tobacco products | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.29 | 1.05 | – | 1.60 | 1.13 | 0.81 | – | 1.59 |
| Secondhand exposure to combustible cigarettes from others | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.24 | 1.10 | – | 1.40 | 1.08 | 0.90 | – | 1.29 |
| Secondhand exposure to heated tobacco products or e-cigarettes from others | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.07 | 0.95 | – | 1.20 | 1.04 | 0.87 | – | 1.25 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| History of hypertension | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.25 | 1.11 | – | 1.41 | 1.19 | 1.00 | – | 1.43 |
| History of diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.37 | 1.18 | – | 1.60 | 1.59 | 1.28 | – | 1.99 |
| History of bronchitis or pneumonia | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.85 | 1.45 | – | 2.35 | 2.08 | 1.47 | – | 2.95 |
| History of heart diseases | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.27 | 0.98 | – | 1.63 | 1.15 | 0.78 | – | 1.70 |
| History of stroke | ||||||||
| Absent | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| Present | 1.16 | 0.83 | – | 1.63 | 1.22 | 0.72 | – | 2.08 |
| Smoking pack-years | ||||||||
| ≤ 5 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 1.00 | (Reference) | ||||
| 6–10 | 1.10 | 0.80 | – | 1.52 | 1.26 | 0.81 | – | 1.98 |
| 11–20 | 1.05 | 0.80 | – | 1.37 | 0.79 | 0.51 | – | 1.22 |
| 21–30 | 0.97 | 0.74 | – | 1.28 | 0.93 | 0.61 | – | 1.43 |
| 31–40 | 1.10 | 0.83 | – | 1.46 | 0.96 | 0.63 | – | 1.47 |
| 41–50 | 1.31 | 0.97 | – | 1.77 | 1.61 | 1.07 | – | 2.42 |
| ≥ 51 | 1.14 | 0.83 | – | 1.56 | 1.09 | 0.66 | – | 1.77 |
Note. PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; HTP, heated tobacco products; e-cig, electronic cigarette; BMI, body mass index.