Fig. 12.

The graphical representation shows the dietary sources of soy isoflavones, percentage constituents of isoflavones found in soy foods and similarity of isoflavones to mammalian estrogen. The chemical structure of primary three isoflavones, genistein, daidzein and glycitein are also presented. (A) The possible mechanism of action of soy isoflavones towards chemoprevention and anti-inflammatory activity is demonstrated through NFκβ inhibition pathway ^48–49. (B) Estrogen-mimicking activity of soy isoflavones result in its ability to bind to the estrogen receptor and subsequent ER-β-mediated inhibition of cell growth and proliferation ⁵⁰. (C) Isoflavones also suppress osteoclastogenesis through the upregulation of OPG expression, which in turn inhibits RANK-RANKL interactions ^51–52.