Table 1.

Summary of the Components of RNA Viruses That Affect the NLRP3 Inflammasome

RNA Viruses That Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Virus	Activator	Possible Mechanism		References
Influenza virus	vRNA	ROS/M2 ion channel		[29,109]
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71)	vRNA	ROS		[147]
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)	vRNA	MAVS		[85]
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)	vRNA	ROS and K+ efflux		[112]
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)	vRNA	ROS		[114]
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	vRNA			[122]
Measles virus (MV)	vRNA			[2]
Sendai virus (SeV)	vRNA	MAVS		[119]
Zika virus (ZIKV)	NS5 protein	ROS		[125]
Dengue virus (DENV)	NS2A, NS2B protein	ROS and Ca2+ influx		[135]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Sars-CoV)	3A viroporin	ROS, Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux		[105]
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)	2B protein	ROS		[142,145]
Human rhinovirus (HRV)	2B protein	NLRC5 and Ca2+ influx		[149]
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)	2B protein	Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux		[152]
RNA Viruses That Inhibit the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Virus	Inhibitor		Possible Mechanism	References
Influenza virus	NS1 protein		Blocks caspase-1 activation	[155,156]
Measles virus (MV)	V protein		Blocks IL-1β secretion	[117]
Sendai virus (SeV)	V protein		Blocks NLRP3-dependent ASC oligomerization	[164]
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71)	2A and 3C proteases		Directly cleave NLRP3	[147]

Notes: Influenza virus, EV-71, RVFV, RSV, NDV, HIV, MV, and SeV activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through their viral RNA, whereas ZIKV, EMCV, HRV, DENV, Sars-CoV and FMDV use virus-encoded proteins to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Influenza virus, EV-71, RVFV, and EMCV activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through the ROS-mediated pathway, DENV uses both ROS and Ca²⁺ influx, RSV uses ROS and K⁺ efflux, SeV uses MAVS, Sars-CoV uses ROS, Ca²⁺ influx and K⁺ effluxes, FMDV uses Ca²⁺ influx and K⁺ effluxes, and HRV uses NLRC5 and Ca²⁺ influx. Influenza virus, MV, SeV, and EV-71 inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome using virus-encoded proteins, blocking various cytokines.