Table 1. Summary of successful applications of sensory ecology in conservation and wildlife management.

Sensory modality	Taxa	Species	Conservation issue solved	Overview	Reference
Vision	Bird	Canada geese (Branta canadensis Linnaeus)	Reduce airstrikes	Development of artificial lights to minimize collisions with aircraft	Blackwell et al., 2012
		Fairy terns (Sterna nereis davisae)	Relocation	Visual decoys attracted endangered fairy terns to safe breeding areas	Jeffries and Brunton, 2001
		Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus)	Relocation	Cliff paintings that mimicked droppings attracted vultures to nest on suitable cliffs	Sarrazin et al., 1996
	Fish	White sturgeon (Acipenser transmomtanus)	Reduce entrapment and entrainment	Behavioural guidance of age-0 white sturgeon using coloured and strobing lights	Ford et al., 2018
	Invertebrate	Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Trichoptera), dolichopodid dipterans, and tabanid flies (Tabanidae)	Ameliorate sensory trap	Fragmenting the solar-active area of solar panels reduced attractiveness of these panels to aquatic insects	Horváth et al., 2010
	Reptile	Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)	Ameliorate sensory trap	New dimmer, amber lights on Florida beaches reduced misguidance of sea turtle hatchlings away from the ocean	Witherington et al., 2014
		Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)	Reduce bycatch	Bycatch of turtles in commercial bottom gillnet fisheries reduced through use of LED and chemical light stick deterrents.	Wang et al., 2013
Audition	Bird	Black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla)	Relocation	Playing recordings of conspecific song attracted birds to more suitable habitats safe from brood parasitic species.	Ward and Schlossberg,2004
		European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)	Reduce airstrikes	Use of sound frequencies to create a ‘sonic net’ to deter birds from airfields	Swaddle et al., 2016
	Mammal	Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)	Reduce bycatch	Acoustic alarms successfully reduced bycatch of porpoises in gillnet fisheries, without reduced catch of target species	Larsen and Eigaard, 2014
	Fish	Asian carps (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, H molitrix Valenciennes)	Invasive species control	Sound barriers effective at controlling spread of invasive Asian carps in the Great Lakes	Ruebush et al., 2012
		Multiple	Relocation	Playback of healthy reef sounds increased fish abundance and species richness in degraded coral reef habitat	Gordon et al., 2019
Chemoreception	Bird	Hooded plover (Thinornis rubricollis)	Reduce predation on threatened species	Conditioned taste aversion successful at reducing predation on threatened hooded plover eggs	Maguire et al., 2009
	Mammal	Common goat (Capra hircus)	Invasive species control	Female goats captured, sterilized and put in a chemically induced estrus to release pheromones to attract males for ineffective mating. Eradicated invasive goats from certain Galapagos Islands	Cruz et al., 2009
	Fish	Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)	Invasive species control	Pheromone-based trapping highly effective, species-specific, method of capturing invasive sea lamprey in the Great Lakes	Johnson et al., 2009
	Invertebrate	Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.)	Invasive species control	Invasive gypsy moths in the USA have devasting effects of forests that can be effectively controlled with pheromone traps	Tobin and Blackburn, 2007
Electroception	Fish	Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini)	Reduce bycatch	Commercial trawl fishing hooks made from electrorepulsive metals successful at reducing bycatch of sharks	Hutchinson et al., 2012

This table summarizes case studies where sensory ecology has been demonstrated to benefit conservation or wildlife management. We summarize relevant literature from all sensory modalities (vision, olfaction, chemoreception, electroreception and magnetoreception), across six major taxa (birds, mammals, fish, invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians) where valid case studies exist. We note that no relevant literature was found for amphibian species.