Table 2.

Lateral Bending (From Right to Left Side Ranges of Motion)^*

Level	Avg	SD	Min	Max
Rotations (°) around z-axis
T12-L1	7.9	2.78	2.5	14.2
L1–2	10.4	2.71	4.4	16.9
L2–3	12.4	3.38	3.2	21.2
L3–4	12.4	4.33	0.3	19.8
L4–5	9.5	4.91	0.5	17.6
L5-Sacrum	5.1
Translations (mm) of Point C in x-direction
T12–1	2.0	1.44	−1.6	4.7
L1–2	1.4	1.20	−0.4	5.9
L2–3	1.4	1.20	−0.9	4.7
L3–4	0.8	1.09	−2.1	−6.6
L4–5	−1.2	2.59	2.5	4.4
Translations (mm) of Point C in y-direction
T12–1	3.8	1.79	−0.1	7.4
L1–2	5.0	1.50	2.2	7.6
L2–3	6.0	2.02	1.7	11.2
L3–4	6.4	2.46	1.1	12.1
L4–5	5.1	2.45	0.4	9.0
Translations (mm) of Point D in x-direction
T12–1	6.0	2.49	0.6	10.9
L1–2	6.8	2.12	3.3	10.5
L2–3	7.4	2.55	1.6	13.3
L3–4	7.2	2.95	−0.8	12.9
L4–5	4.0	3.75	−3.7	10.9
Translations (mm) of Point D in y-direction
T12–1	3.6	2.17	−0.9	8.2
L1–2	4.9	1.61	2.0	8.5
L2–3	5.9	2.04	2.5	11.1
L3–4	6.1	2.41	1.1	11.9
L4–5	5.1	2.45	0.8	8.8

^*Normal kinematic values of lateral bending movement. Rz Is an average from both the CAM and GCM measurements.

Avg = average; SD = standard deviation; Min = minimum; Max = maximum.